Identifying Barriers to Diversity in Law Enforcement Essay

Our country, America is a melting pot of many different races, ethnic groups, and cultures, which occurred because of immigration. That is why our communities are known as multicultural communities. Our communities may consist of African Americans, Whites, Latinos, Chinese, Christians, Muslims, Jews, and Indians. These multicultural communities experience prejudice actions from law enforcement. Prejudice means a judgment or opinion formed before facts are known, usually involving negative or unfavorable thoughts about groups of people (Shusta and Levine, 2010). Law enforcement tends to discriminate against individuals because of their race, culture, or ethnic background. Law enforcement is now trying to figure out methods that they can use to improve their relationship with multicultural communities. Shusta and Levine (2010) offered some methods that can improve law enforcement in multicultural communities: (1) †¢ Make positive contact with community group members from diverse backgrounds, don’t let them see you only when something negative has happened, and allow the public to see you as much as possible in a nonenforcement role, (2) Take responsibility for patiently educating citizens and the public about the role of the officer and about standard operating procedures in law enforcement and remember that citizens often do not understand â€Å"police culture,† (3) Don’t be afraid to be a change agent in your organization when it comes to improving cross-cultural and interracial relations within your department and between police and community, it may not be a popular thing to do, but it is the right thing to do, (4) Donâ₠¬â„¢t appear uncomfortable with or avoid discussing racial and ethnic issues with other officers and citizens, and (5) Make a conscious effort in your mind, en route to every situation, to treat all people objectively and fairly. In my community they are only Blacks and Puerto Ricans races, but they are a diverse cultures, such as the locals called Cruzan’s, Kittians, St. Lucians, Dominicans, Haitians, Antiguans, Nevisians, and many other Caribbean islands. In my community law enforcement is prejudice against the stereotypes of the individuals, such as members in gangs. For example if law enforcement is called to the community for a theft, they would suspect a gang member of committing the before they suspect a regular guy walking down  the street. If they take time out to socialize with these so called gang members they would see a different side of them. Also getting to know the different cultures would allow having better communication skills with the citizens, and maybe the citizens would feel safer in open up to them and help them in the community. In a scenario in which a method would work would be: A patrol unit is patrolling the community a see a group of young boys sitting under a tree cooli ng out, they decide to stop and have a talk to the young boys, about what they’re doing and how is their life, and officers even tell them about their days when they was the same age as them, the boys know see that these officers are no different than them, and their just doing their duty. That shows that the boys and law enforcement is communicating and gaining trust within each other.

Mapping System

Coconut tree is considered as a â€Å"Tree of life†. Philippines on the other hand, is among the second largest producer of coconuts in the world. The country comprised of 7, 107 in the islands. Monitoring and locating the coconut trees is an ideal of making the geographical Mapping system. Geographical Mapping defines as a visual representation of an area. It is a symbolic depiction in highlighting in relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions. In relation to this, geographical mapping of coconut trees is a visual representation of different plantations of coconut trees specifically in District II in the province of Negros Oriental. In geographical Mapping it can sees the lands of the plantations of the coconut trees, and vacant lands. Based on the interview with Mr. Trasmonte, Director PCA Negros Oriental, he cited the file management of coconut plantation in the province. Currently, they are having some concerns regarding in storing the information and records of planters. Aside from that, there is no existing system that provides concrete location of the coconut plantations. In this case, the organization experienced difficulty most especially in implementing their projects. By the implementation of Geographical Mapping System using Google Map concrete location of coconut plantations and vacant lands in Negros Oriental specifically in District II will be visible . In this case, a web-based solution that provides detailed information is applicable for this project. In addition, the geographical mapping provides transparency of information regarding the status of the coconut trees. Aside from that, coconut trees have products that is needed for the survival of the communities. And it would enhance or increase the production of products of the coconut trees.

Biology Osmosis Observation

Independent: sugar concentration in potatoes. Controlled: time, potato form. Apparatus: 1. 5 plastic cups 2. Distilated water 3. Potato 4. Knife 5. Clock 6. Electronical scales (Â ±0,05) 7. Bag of sugar 8. Measuring cylinder 9. Tap water Method: Peeling down the potato and cutting it into 1cm3 cubes (25 cubes) Weighing potatoes on the scales Putting different amount of sugar into five plastic cups (1st no sugar 2nd 6,8g 3rd 13,7g 4th 20,5 5th 27,4g) Adding 100ml of water to each of the cups Mixing the sugar with water Putting in 5 potatoes into each cup Waiting 20 minutes Pulling out the potatoes, drying them up and putting on the scales Writing down new mass. Amount of sugar in solutionSolution concentration %Cup numberMass of five cubes before(Â ±0,05g)Mass of five cubes after (Â ±0,05g) 0g0%15,8g6g 6,8g6,37%25,1g5,2g 13,7g12,05%35,5g5,3g 20,5g17. 01%45,6g5,4g 27,4g21,51%55,5g5,3g Graph: While the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass gets bigger, later on from 12,05% to 21,51% the net mass gets smaller. When the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass change is positive, when from 17. 01% to 21,51% – negative. Conclusion: The potato lost more mass as it was submerged in bigger concentration solutions because the bigger concentration difference is, the osmosis will occurs more intensively. Evaluation: I think that laboratory work went pretty well, I managed to see the differences in potato mass change and make a conclusion of it. Next time I should write down original numbers and not rounded ones to give more accurate results. Biology Osmosis Observation Independent: sugar concentration in potatoes. Controlled: time, potato form. Apparatus: 1. 5 plastic cups 2. Distilated water 3. Potato 4. Knife 5. Clock 6. Electronical scales (Â ±0,05) 7. Bag of sugar 8. Measuring cylinder 9. Tap water Method: Peeling down the potato and cutting it into 1cm3 cubes (25 cubes) Weighing potatoes on the scales Putting different amount of sugar into five plastic cups (1st no sugar 2nd 6,8g 3rd 13,7g 4th 20,5 5th 27,4g) Adding 100ml of water to each of the cups Mixing the sugar with water Putting in 5 potatoes into each cup Waiting 20 minutes Pulling out the potatoes, drying them up and putting on the scales Writing down new mass. Amount of sugar in solutionSolution concentration %Cup numberMass of five cubes before(Â ±0,05g)Mass of five cubes after (Â ±0,05g) 0g0%15,8g6g 6,8g6,37%25,1g5,2g 13,7g12,05%35,5g5,3g 20,5g17. 01%45,6g5,4g 27,4g21,51%55,5g5,3g Graph: While the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass gets bigger, later on from 12,05% to 21,51% the net mass gets smaller. When the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass change is positive, when from 17. 01% to 21,51% – negative. Conclusion: The potato lost more mass as it was submerged in bigger concentration solutions because the bigger concentration difference is, the osmosis will occurs more intensively. Evaluation: I think that laboratory work went pretty well, I managed to see the differences in potato mass change and make a conclusion of it. Next time I should write down original numbers and not rounded ones to give more accurate results.

Honesty in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Honesty in Business - Essay Example That will â€Å"satisfy† the customers and also attract them. Through that, by preserving â€Å"reputation† and â€Å"relationship,† (Reilly p. 2) business will gain a steady momentum. What we â€Å"do† and â€Å"say† will definitely affect our value in the long run? So winning someone's trust through honesty is quite important.   When someone trusts us, we need to prove that we are trustworthy. We have three major components to build this kind of a trustworthy relationship in business. And they are: â€Å"doing right things†; â€Å"doing things right† (Reilly p. 2) and doing these â€Å"proactively.†Ã‚   Earning a â€Å"social credibility† is necessary to embed some â€Å"value† in the customers' heart. Determining whether one is going to run long is to be done today. Doing right things articulates ethical behaviour. Doing things right is about good management. And the third thing is simply cautiousness and prep aration. (Writer's inference)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Honesty encourages competition on the merits and prohibits competition by Cheating† (Frankel p.21). Honesty doesn't rule out competition in business, which is good as far as excellence is concerned, but it encourages a healthy ethical competition which is even far better. â€Å"America† for example which has put an effort in this venture of â€Å"honesty† and the result has been astounding. â€Å"The socializing of industry from within on a higher ethical plane...is greatly needed† (Gintis & Khurana p.27) â€Å"Business ethics† is another facet which we must not oversee or ignore. It highlights the â€Å"virtues† that must drive us in business.

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Media - Essay Example ty and wearable technology has had profound implications on communication, interpersonal interactions, security and privacy and healthcare services provisions. One of the key significance of the mobility and wearable technology has been the facilitation of communication and interpersonal interaction (Ling, 2008).The extent of interpersonal interaction and communication is no-longer dependent on the physical proximity between parties. Wearable and mobile technologies have led to real time flow of information and data through the internet and social platforms such as face books. Subsequently, this phenomenon has transformed information technology into the most vital resources of our time. Socially, mobile technologies have further accelerated the globalization of the entire universe. Information can be shared by everyone on the globe through the internet. Furthermore, the social context of the wearable and mobile technology has been extended to nontraditional spheres of information technology such as provisions of healthcare services especially in the management of chronic disease such as mHealth services. Wearable technologies have proved e ffective in the management of diabetes through transmission of alerts and medical feedback to doctors. Similarly, users of wearable of technologies have been primarily driven by digital devices empowering abilities. By wearing them, users are frequently encouraged to check their fitness status, interact more with friends and strangers and triggering of social changes. Culturally, the mobile and wearable technologies have had significant impact on users’ lifestyles trends. Foremost, wearable technologies such a Google Glass has been inherently integrated into dressing fashion of its users through their design into cloths and accessories. Also, mobile device and smart phones have become a necessity even for communities in the developing world with the invention of Mpesa for mobile money transfer in Kenya. Interactive

Financial Markets and Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Financial Markets and Risk - Essay Example For investors who are moderate on their risk taking mentality have hybrid products to choose from. This report will deal with various investment products that are provided by financial institutions and the implications of market interest rates on investors and banks. Long term savings and investment products provided by Retail banks and Non Banking Financial Intermediaries or NBFC’s Some of the popular long term investment products provided by retail banks and NBFC’s are as follows. Fixed Deposits: Fixed deposits, as the name signifies, have a fixed tenure during which the investments cannot be withdrawn. Withdrawal is possible in between the tenure, but in such a case the investor will have to forgo certain benefits as early withdrawal charges. Bonds: Bonds are debt instruments that are issued by government or corporate. Bonds are fixed income securities that provide a fixed rate of return over a period of time. As a result, it is less risky too. Debentures: Debentures are similar to bonds in its nature with the only difference being they are issued only by corporations. Debentures provide fixed rate of interest and comes with a lock in period of usually more than 2 years. Mutual Funds: Mutual fund is a collective fund management system in which the amount collected from a large number of investors is invested into certain asset classes based on the nature of the fund. The investors who invest in mutual funds will get units of the fund of which the value depends on the price movement in the assets they are invested in. Pension Funds: A pension fund is a very long term investment product that is intended to give retirement income for the investors. Investors contribute a certain amount on fixed intervals which is accumulated and invested in safe asset classes. These are returned to them at the time of their retirement. Implications of increase in general interest rates on individual savers and investors An increase in the general interest rates wi ll have a considerable impact on the investment portfolio of investors and savers. â€Å"When interest rates are rising, both businesses and consumers will cut back on spending† (Investopedia, 2011). The cut back on spending by customers and businesses will lead to less corporate earnings than before. The poor corporate earnings will cause the stock prices to drop at the overall market. A fall in the stock market will affect all the investment products that have the investment pie in stocks. Investors and individual savers, who have invested directly in the stock markets or invested in the stock markets through mutual funds and other products, will see their corpus going down. A rising interest rate can also affect the investors in terms of the low risky instruments like bonds. The prime relationship to be understood is that there is always an inverse relationship between the interest rates and bond prices. When the market interest rate rises, the bonds with lesser interest r ate than the market rate will turn to be less attractive for the investors. The investors receive interest at a lower rate as compared to what is offered by the market. This will not be a big issue if the investor holds the bond until its maturity. But any plans to sell the bond before the maturity will reap fewer benefits when the market interest rates are higher (Williams, 2009). The investor can definitely hold on to the bonds

UCC 2-207 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UCC 2-207 - Essay Example Jack did not respond. Jack delivered 4 tables and 16 chairs on June 1. Did Jack breach his contract with Mark? Explain. Rule: The agreement between Jack and Mark falls under UCC 2-207, which governs contracts for the sale of goods. UCC 2-105(1) states that a good is an item of property that must be tangible and moveable and UCC 2-106(1) defines a sale asâ€Å"the passingof title from the seller to the buyer for a price†. In this case, the goods are 4 tables and 16 chairs since they are tangible and moveable. Moreover, the evidence of a sale becomes clear when Jack delivers to Mark 4 tables and 16 chairs to Mark. Application/Analysis: In general, there are four requirements for a valid contract: agreement, consideration, capacity and legality. Even though the UCC does not define offer, common law steps in to cover this inadequacy. Under the common law, offer is the expression of the desire to enter into a contract in a manner that the recipient can make a conclusion to the transaction through assent. The mirror image rule in common law requires that the terms of the acceptance exactly match those of the offer. However, the UCC dispenses with the mirror image rule. Under the UCC 2-207(1), a contract is formed if the offeree’s response indicates a definite acceptance of the offer, even if the acceptance includes terms additional to or different from those contained in the offer. Whether the additional terms become part of the contract depends, in part, on whether the parties are non-merchants or merchants. A merchant is a person who deals in goods of the kind involved in the sales contr act. Under UCC 2–207(2), in contracts between merchants, the additional terms automatically become part of the contract unless one of the following conditions arises: 1.The original offer expressly limited acceptance to its terms. 2. The new or changed terms materially alter the contract. 3. The offeror objects to the new or changed terms within a reasonable

Questions Of Exam Of History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Questions Of Exam Of History - Essay Example 5. What is the â€Å"Donation of Constantine† and why was it important in the Middle Ages?Before the start of Christianity, idol worship was common and many tribes and people prefer to use images and stones for the sake of worship. In this process, they consider them as a source of help and support for carrying out their routine activities. In other words, they were of the opinion that idol worship was essential. More importantly, this practice was caused by the fact that, at that time, there was no religion and no prophet had preached to them. However, the idol worship started to fade as prophets along with the message of Lord guided them and informed them about the true God.6. What reading or image so far in the course has been the most interesting and rewarding for you, and why? You must give examples and support details to explain your choice, not just a variation on "I just liked it." The image mentioned in the question number 4 considerably fascinates attraction. First, the image is a perfect depiction of the Lord Jesus and reverence for His work and effort for the moral and ethical betterment of the Christian faith. More importantly, the crucifixion of Jesus and feelings of people sitting below highlights one of the greatest sacrifices of Jesus for promoting this faith. Such contribution is rare in the entire history of Christianity as many of the followers only provided the limited share of sacrifice when their sacrifice share is compared with the sacrifice given by Jesus.

Concert report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Concert report - Essay Example Some of which are my favorites – Californication, Behind the Sun, Aeroplane, Look Around, Can’t Stop, I Could Have Lied, and Scar Tissue. Just recently, the Red Hot Chili Peppers once again made history in the music industry during their concert held in Toyota Center, Houston Texas on October 20, 2012. Aside from the perfect indoor arena that would definitely hold the energy and vigor in their music reverberating all throughout the venue; and one that could seat more than 19,000 people and at the same time allow movement from its audience, the Red Hot Chili Peppers concert of 2012 was meant to be a blast. Kicking off the concert was a mash up of guitar, bass, and drum music arrangement that set the rock and funk vibe at its course. The second the lyrics from the song â€Å"Monarchy of Roses† were uttered, the crowd already went uncontrollably in a trance. This was immensely triggered by the enormous LED screen that projected abstract lines and colors in vibrant movement. Also, the first few songs sung were the loud and robust tracks that immediately gained audience’ interaction without being demanding or appearing too loud. After a couple of songs that made the audience shed a few sweats and turning the venue into a few degrees warmer, the band started singing songs with spirit. One of which that really startled the night would be â€Å"Look Around†. It is a song with a very groovy melody and yet a strong lyrics. A portion of which says: Another favorite song of the night was â€Å"Can’t Stop†. Aside from the energy of the song, its lyrics somehow told the story of how The Red Hot Chili Peppers as a band took it a step further that actually landed them to where they are today, touching millions of lives and sharing music that connects people from different walks of life together. This concert was indeed such a big success, though for sure the band already had numerous ones, because at every concert they continue to take, a

Poets of the 18th century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poets of the 18th century - Essay Example Likewise, Gulliver's adventures in Laputa illustrate Swift's negative opinion of the general value of science produced by the Royal Society as the scientists and doctors of the floating city continuously spend their time involved in meaningless pursuits that bring benefit to no one. Finally, in his fourth voyage, Gulliver's encounter with the Houyhnhnms creates a strong commentary on the true picture of human nature in which the conception of war has not even been considered, much less worked out to the fine science Gulliver describes to his astonished hosts. "Ironically Gulliver's Travels, a book thought by most people as a charming book of adventure popular with children, is one of the most powerful attacks ever made against man's wickedness and stupidity. Swift's book is full of personal, literary and political allusions" (Taralunga, 2003: 135). William Blake's poems typically focused on aspects of the human spirit as it comes in contact with authority figures, whether they be government or religious, as well as the joyful celebration of his idea of Christianity and humanity. As a result, his poems provided many with inspiration and hope in times that seemed overly chaotic as revolutions of various types were occurring on virtually every front and power structures were struggling to hold onto whatever controls they could. In "London" for example, a poem describing the way in which the human spirit had been shackled in 1794 when the poem had been written, Blake expresses an abiding belief in the unchristian nature of the restrictions on freedoms being experienced by the British people. The French Revolution had just occurred and sentiment in Britain had reached an all-time low as expressed in lines such as "How the chimney-sweepers cry" (9) and "' the hapless Soldiers sigh / Runs in blood down Palace walls" (11-12) in which it can be seen that even time-honored occupations such as chimney sweeps and soldiers had fallen into disrespect and despair. The red walls of the street depicted in the poem's illustration provide a subtle imagery of the British soldiers' and, by extension, the rest of the British population's plight. Although he is describing physical situations, "A mark in every face I meet / Marks of weakness, marks of woe" (3-4), he makes it clear that he is also discussing the state of the souls of people he meets, "In every voice; in every ban / The mind-forg'd manacles I hear" (7-8). 7. Write about one of the poets specifically and the subjects / themes he is best known for: Blake's dual nature of man; Burns's view of human position or importance; Wordsworth's child / man connection; Coleridge's flights of imagination; Shelley's willingness to bare his soul or his

What were the main effects of the 1979-1997 Conservative governments Essay Example for Free

What were the main effects of the 1979-1997 Conservative governments Essay What were the main effects of the 1979-1997 Conservative governments reforms to collective labour law and what distinguishes the approach taken by the current Labour administration? In order to answer this question collective labour law must be explained and defined so the effects of each government can be focussed in the appropriate area. This essay will then move on to examine the situation prior to 1979 so as to assess the extent of the Conservative administrations impact of collective labour law at that time, a type of before and after measurement. Having done this, the emphasis will switch to examining Thatcherite and Conservative ideology hoping therefore to explain the mechanics of the legislation that the Tories then introduced. Its effects will then be assessed. After this point this essay will turn its attention to Labour Party ideology, in order to use it as a means of putting into context the legislation which the party has introduced, this will then be assessed in greater detail. The link between New Labours administration and the European influence will also be examined at this point in the essay, and how this has impacted on British collective labour law. A summary will then be given and all conclusions will be drawn together in order to answer the set question. Brown (1993) said, It is generally more useful to use the term [collective labour law] to cover a broader set of joint regulatory behaviour, whereby employers deliberately permit representatives of employee collectives to be involved in the management of the employment relationship. This generally means that employers choose to liase with union representatives to discuss the manner in which the company is run and debate issues affecting its employees. Collective labour law is the legislation outlined by the government that regulates this area of bargaining and discussion, including union regulation, recognition, membership, organisation and industrial action (of all kinds). The Labour Party, formed in 1893, has its roots firmly in the industrialisation era. It is traditionally working class in membership. Jon Monks (cited in Salamon pg104) said that Labour and the trade unions had shared values: primacy of collective bargaining, expansion of the welfare state and state intervention to promote economic growth and employment. The Labour Party was elected to power in 1974. Though as New Labour the party has now adopted The Third Way at that time, it still supported the Corporatist ideology, part of which meant supporting the trade unions and collective bargaining. During this time, trade unions accounted for ninety per-cent of party membership, [provided the party with] eighty per-cent of its annual income [and] sponsored fifty per-cent of its MPs (Salamon pg105). The Employment Protection Act of 1975 (and Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act of 1978 encouraged trade union membership and activities as well as legislated so that statutory time off had to be given in order to enable union officials to complete their union duties. The act also facilitated trade union recognition by employers (under section 11 of the EPA 1975) with the instigation of a set union recognition procedure involving ACAS (Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service), and obliged employers to consult and share information with unions regarding organisational changes and matters directly affecting employees. However in an effort to protect all employees, not just union members, the act also provided legal procedures for extending the terms and conditions of the employment contract where major unions were not recognised and could not bargain on behalf of the employees. The legislation from that particular Labour administration also promoted conciliation, arbitration and employees participation (in the bargaining process). The act also tried to regulate incomes with the setting up of 26 regional wages councils to standardise incomes and set recommended minimum wage levels. In 1980 trade union membership in the following unions was; Transport and General Workers Union, 1887000, the Amalgamated Engineering Union, 1166000 and the General Municipal Boilermakers Union stood at 916000. In 1979 total union membership stood at 13447000 with a union density of 55. 4% (Bain Pierce 1983). It can be seen from the above that the Labour administration of 1974-1979 was one of support for trade unions, collective bargaining and collective labour law. Membership of trade unions was, it can now be see, at an all time high. However, all this was to change once the Conservatives came to power under Margaret Thatcher in 1979. According to Farnham, (1999, p215) [the change in State policy] had considerable implications for public policy on employee relations, which shifted from one focused on voluntary collective bargaining in conditions of full employment and strong trade unions (with attempts at bargained corporatism through social contracts) to neo-laissez-faire. Thatcherite and Tory ideology was indeed one of laissez-faire, liberalist (neo-unitarist) foundations. It was a kind of economical Darwinism, survival of the fittest. Mrs Thatcher is famous for having apparently said that there is no such thing as society. For this reason it is not possible to legislate for the benefit of it, only for individuals. According to Salamon (2000: p292) the Conservative government aimed to redress the perceived power imbalance in favour of trade unions and allow management to re-exert its prerogative which was to promote responsible trade unionism, to protect individual members against union tyranny and to promote employment opportunities and labour flexibility through de-regulating employment. It can be seen from this statement that the Conservative government very much believed in the individuals right not to join a trade union, and to give back control (it having been removed by the unions ability to strike without notice) of industries to the organisations themselves. Blyton and Turnbull (1994 p155) describe Mrs Thatchers opinion as being that the nationalised industries which should have virtue on their side were hopelessly distorted and confined by state control and the absence of market competition. The unions, who were beneficiaries of these monopolies were accomplices to the most scandalous inefficiencies and had to be stripped of power. This philosophy could perhaps explain the reason why the Conservatives chose to introduce eight acts of legislation affecting the unions within thirteen years. These acts covered three main points. They restricted the scope of lawful industrial action thereby reducing trade union power. They established rights to disorganise (Lewis cited in Salamon p107) by establishing non-membership rights thereby undermining the maintenance of collective relations. The final point is that the legislation intervened in the internal affairs of trade unions by promoting a representational democratic model, thereby reducing the influence of activists in union decision making. The acts themselves are listed as follows: The Employment Act 1980; this reduced employment rights under unfair dismissal and reduced in instances in which dismissal could be classed as unfair. It also placed restrictions on closed shops (where all employees must be union members) in that an employee could work in a closed shop but not be a member on the grounds of strongly held political convictions. New closed shops now needed 80% of its work force to be in agreement or 85% of all those voting in order to make their place of work a closed shop. A right to be re-instated after maternity leave was introduced, the trade union recognition procedure was repealed, a code of conduct regarding picketing was established and secondary picketing (picketing away from the site of the dispute) was outlawed. Secondary and sympathetic (workers in differing industries striking in support of other workers) strikes had restrictions placed on them. The grounds for refusal to join a trade union were extended. The Employment Act 1982; this reinforced many points from the previous act including the restrictions on closed shops, and protection and compensation payments for non-members. Ballots on closed shops had to be taken in all existing arrangements across the UK, and union labour only commercial contracts became illegal. The act made it legal to selectively dismiss striking employees and redefined trade dispute in that political strikes became illegal. The act also removed trade union immunities from the civil courts (which affected strike action). The Trade Union Act 1984; this act concerned itself with the internal affairs of the trade unions. It stated that ballots had to be held every five years to elect officials to the unions National Executive Committees, secret ballots had to be held before industrial action took place (and not more that four weeks before the action was to take place). Ballots also had to be taken to establish who the union was to give its political funding and this had to be reaffirmed every ten years. The act also redefined political objects on which the unions political fund could be spent. The Wages Act 1986; after this act the wages councils (of which there were twenty six) were only allowed to specify a single minimum wage rate of pay and a single overtime rate which applied to every worker regardless of skill. Workers under twenty one were no longer covered by this wage protection. The Sex Discrimination Act 1986; this removed the exemption that the small firms (five or less employees) had from the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975. The Employment Act 1988; under this act a union must hold separate ballots for industrial action if those who are likely to take part in such action have different places of work. Ballot papers must ask whether the member is prepared to take strike action or action short of a strike. Members were given the right not to be unjustifiably disciplined by their union, and a new commissioner for the Rights of Trade Union Members was appointed. The Employment Act 1990; when this act was passed pre-entry closed shops became illegal, unions became vicariously liable if any of its officials called for strike action without following the proper procedures, employers were given greater freedom to dismiss any employee taking unofficial strike action, and further restrictions were placed on secondary action. Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act 1993; under this act employees were given the right to decide which union they joined. Postal ballots had to take place now before any strike could occur, and unions had to provide employers with at least seven days notice before any strike action could take place. The twenty-six wage councils were abolished and ACAS requirement to encourage collective bargaining was removed. At the end of the Conservative run of administration (finally finishing with John Major as Prime Minister in 1997) it is evident that the legislation very much followed the Conservative ideology of individualism, legislating for the individual and stripping collectives of their powers, as evidenced by the following figures. In 1990 the Transport and General Workers Union membership stood at 1224000, the Amalgamated Engineering Union at 702000 and the General Municipal Boilermakers Union membership stood at 865000. In 1978 the total number of working days lost that year was 9405000 but in 1995 that number was just 415000. From this can be seen the total effect that the Tories had on collective labour law and bargaining. Blyton and Turnbull (1998 p263) said, Throughout the 1980s the Thatcher government had made a virtue out of standing firm. The Conservatives had actively discouraged collective bargaining and hindered the trade unions as much as possible, so much so that union membership had dwindled to the figures in the previous paragraph. In 1997 trade union membership stood at 7154000 employees, a massive drop of 6293000 from that of 1979, and a union density of 30. 2%, again a big drop of 25. 2%. The effects of the Conservative era of power can clearly be seen here. When John Major and his party were defeated, the unions were virtually powerless, with their membership drastically reduced. Labour is traditionally the party of the trade unions as has previously been discussed. However, since the birth of New Labour things have changed considerably. In the 1980s Labour became concerned by their apparent unelectability so its leaders reformed and modernised the party image, which included loosening the link between themselves and the trade unions, even incorporating a Business Manifesto for their 1997 election campaign. At this time the party also adopted The Third Way. This replaced the previous Corporatist ideology behind the party. The Third Way is a middle ground between the traditional socialist views of the old left wing party and the right-wing views held by the Conservatives. The result of the image overhaul and change in strategy is that the trade unions became part of a coalition supporting Labour, but not the senior partners as of old (Salamon: 2000). Accordingly the New Labour Party focuses much more on the fact that labour flexibility has become an increasingly important issue for government strategies which are aimed at improving economic competitiveness and reducing unemployment (Salamon pg 282). Unconditional labour market de-regulation could have a detrimental effect on socially desirable employment policies such as social benefits, training, employee protection legislation and even the national minimum wage. Labours employment strategy [now] emphasises inclusion, social partnership and fairness at work (but without special favours towards trade unions) (Salamon pg 292) It has re-introduced the statutory union recognition procedure, introduced a national minimum wage and has signed up to the Social Chapter (European Union legislation). Metcalf (who is a member of the Low-Pay Commission) believes that the commission is an exemplar of social partnership which rehabilitated the unions and employees into a process that contrasts sharply with the there is no such thing as society' confrontational Thatcher era. (Salamon pg293) For this reason since New Labour came to power in 1997 the government has heavily legislated in many areas, and employment has not been excluded from this. One act in particular has directly impacted on Collect Labour Law, which is:- The Employment Relations Act 1999. This act effects trade union recognition and de-recognition (bringing back in the standard procedures), access to workers when industrial action is being considered and ballots are taking place. It also affects ballot procedure. The time between ballot result allowing action to take place has doubled from twenty-eight days to two months. Unfair dismissal is also affected as workers can no longer be dismissed for lawful industrial action. Finally, union membership rights were changed slightly in that the act states people can not be refused employment because of their trade union affiliations. Everyone has the right to belong to a trade union and the right not to be excluded from one. Along with this element of the act is a section dictating that compiling a blacklist of union members by employers is also illegal. This act strengthened the trade union and employee position, but it could also be argued that it is not a great overhaul of the law given the Labour Partys legislative history during previous administrations. Labour could be seen to be attempting to pacify the unions whilst trying not to alienate big business. The remaining major issue to be considered in this area of the essay is Europes influence on Collective Labour Law and the government in the United Kingdom. Once Labour formed the government in 1997 the Conservative decision to opt out of the Social dimension of the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 was reversed under the treaty of Amsterdam 1997 and in so signing, Labour consented to the treaty and all its terms. Maastricht (1992) could be considered as the Constitution of the European labour Market. It dealt principally with issues of fair remuneration, a national minimum wage, improvement in working conditions, unions rights and development of the employees rights to consultation and information. There were three immediate effects (in the form of European Directives handed down by the European Commission) when the UK joined the treaty. The European Works Council Directive, Parental Leave Directive and the directive covering the burden of proof in Sex Discrimination cases. The only directive to have any direct impact on collective labour law was the European Works Council Directive. This was aimed at large multinational firms and ensured proper communication between employee representatives (such as shop stewards) and management. The Working Time Directive is one further outcome of the agreement to the Social Chapter. The basic rights and protections that the Regulations provide are a limit of an average of 48 hours a week which a worker can be required to work (though workers can choose to work more if they want to), a limit of an average of 8 hours work in 24 which night workers can be required to work, a right for night workers to receive free health assessments. a right to 11 hours rest a day, a right to a day off each week, a right to an in-work rest break if the working day is longer than six hours and a right to four weeks paid leave per year. As can be seen from the above legislation Labour has not acted according to their ideological heritage, preferring instead to develop greater support for market competition, deregulation and privatisation. The party more strongly believes in the Stakeholder Economy, Welfare to Work, Social Partnership and Fairness at Work (Salamon pg21) principals and schemes. Most of the legislation is concerned with individual rights at work and not at all with collective labour law or collective bargaining. To a certain degree Labour now has little control regarding employment legislation as it is handed down to the government by Europe. However, it was New Labours choice to sign the treaty and harmonise the United Kingdom with the other member states and so must accept and implement all directives that are issued. The effects of the previously mentioned legislation can be seen in the following figures. In 1999 trade union membership in the following unions was; Transport and General Workers Union, 881625, the Amalgamated Engineering Union, 717874 and the General Municipal Boilermakers Union stood at 712010. Whilst the TGWU and GMBU show a decline in membership (and so in the powers of collective bargaining), the comparison is in fact to 1990 when the Conservatives still had another five years in power, membership has actually slightly increased since 1997 In 1999 trade union membership stood at a combined total of 7801315 employees, an increase from 1997 (when New Labour came to power) of 647315. The number of working days lost due to industrial action also dropped in 1999 to 266400 from 415000 in 1999, a drop of 148600 (all above figures from Salmon pg113). So as can be seen above the actions of both parties during their respective administrations have had a profound effect on collective labour law and collective bargaining, with the Tories having most impact. Labour is conspicuous in that it has done comparatively little to over turn the Tory instigated legislation. The actions of both parties can be explained by their ideologies, with Labours changing radically during the last decade. Their approaches have differed in that the Conservatives stripped the unions (which are the primary partners in bargaining and negotiation) of the majority of their rights and were not concerned with how ruthlessly it was done. The individuals rights were improved, but only as a means of weakening union power and increasing the strength of big businesses and employers in accordance with Conservative thinking and strategy. The Tories refused to sign up to the Social Chapter as they believed that employment legislation should come from within the country that is to be affected by it and in joining would lose total legislative control. In contrast to this Labour have signed up to the Social Chapter and tried to make the employment situation better for employees as individuals. This is because according to the third Way which creates a perceived political and cultural ideology within which management, unions and employees have to work (Salmon pg 21) it would benefit both employers and employees. It can be seen from this that both parties have similar outcomes from their legislation (in so much as figures for union membership and days lost in industrial action have only improved in comparatively mediocre terms and figures) though each party has taken a different approach for differing reasons. Bibliography Books Farnham, D. (1997) Employee Relations In Context London: CIPD Salamon, M. (2000) Industrial relations Theory and Practice: London, Prentice Hall (4th edition) Blyton, P. and Turnbull, P. (1998) The Dynamics of Employee Relations, Basingstoke: Macmillan (2nd edition) Cully et al. (1999) Britain At Work, London: Routledge Incomes Data Services Ltd (2000) Trade Unions Employment Law Handbook: London: IDS Websites http://www.cipd.co.uk http://www.dti.gov.uk http://www.libr.port.ac.uk http://www.labour.org.uk http://www.conservatives.com http://www.tuc.org.uk

Hamlets Tainted Mind Essay Example for Free

Hamlets Tainted Mind Essay In act two, Hamlet presents a self loathing soliloquy, reflecting upon his hesitation in taking revenge upon King Claudius. Shamed and inspired by the courageous tone of a play actors speech, Hamlet vows to catch the Kings guilt though a play of his own. However, while his plan may be viable, Hamlets reasoning suggests a tainted mind. The speech immediately focuses on Hamlets praise for the actor and disdain for his own lack of action. He displays a deep envy for the characters passion, while disparaging himself for lacking the same fervor. Had he the motive and the cue for passion that I have? He would drown the stage in tears. In reaction to his envy, Hamlet devises a vengeful plan. However, while indeed witty, attempting to sight someones conscious hardly qualifies as the act of passion and significance that Hamlet so yearned for earlier in his soliloquy. This contradiction insinuates Hamlets inability to register emotion on a physical scale. While his mind can generate phrases and ideas of articulacy and beauty, its too tainted and preoccupied that it can not transfer the eloquent words he recites into reality. Thus, time and time again he will completely ignore the task at hand. Hamlets plot also suggests a weakness in his ability to understand human disposition. He plans on catching a grimace of evil or worry upon Claudius, believing that the sight of his own actions will prompt the Kings emotions. Ill observe his looks, Ill tent him to the quick. So Hamlets important scheme hinges on a man publicly revealing his inner sentiment. While of course, such a notion is unreliable and impetuous, Hamlet trusts its validity. The plays the thing wherein Ill catch the conscience of the King. A man that would commit such a terrible crime, as that accused of Claudius, would hardly be affected, at least externally, by Hamlets plan. Hamlet obviously lacks a full understanding of the complexity of man. He evolved earlier in act one, when he so forcibly learned and noted that Theres never a villain dwelling in Denmark but hes an arrant knave. Evidently, his mental evolution lacks completion, as true human nature is virtually unbeknownst to Hamlet. These imperfections, while proving a tainted mind, also serve to accentuate Hamlets character. Not often can a man speak his ideas so eloquently, yet express them with little resemblance, and understand them with even less accuracy. Perhaps the contradiction suggests a direct correlation between Hamlets secluded upbringing and schooling and his lack of understanding of human nature?

Effect of Ph on Growth Rate of Mung Beans

Effect of Ph on Growth Rate of Mung Beans Mung beans are used in several food productions, both as a whole seed and in processed form. According to sprouting expert sprout people, mung beans are most consumed sprout on this planet and are primarily grown in major farmlands in China, Hong Kong and other countries in Asia. Mung beans are widely utilized in Chinese cuisine as well as in the cuisines of Thailand, Japan, Taiwan, Korea and many other countries in Asia. Mung beans grow poorly in both acidic and alkaline environment hence acidic rain could potentially directly affect the growth of mung beans growing under the environment in a long term perspective, this derives the research question. Secondary research on the profile of mung beans were studied and the optimal pH level for mung beans to grow is pH 6.2 to 7.2 and the experiment was designed to investigates in to the effect of pH level of soil (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5) on the growth rate of mung beans during a three week experiment, investigating to what extent pH level of soil could affect the growth on mung beans. Growth rate is assessed by measuring and calculating the percentage change for the following indicators: stem height, leaf length, number of leaves. 1 Introduction The research question is: What is the effect of pH level on the growth rate of mung beans? This investigation aims to investigate and analyze the effects of pH on the growth rate of mung beans with a 3 week experiment as 2 weeks is certainly enough time for the mung beans to complete (sprout people) . The purpose is to determine at which pH levels of solution will cause the most growth and at which pH levels slow down or stop the growth of the mung beans. I chose to use a pH range of 5.0 9.5 for this experiment as too high or too low pH levels would potentially prevent the plants from growing. This investigation is composed of secondary researches, analysis of data and experimentation designed to collect data on pH level of soil and the growth rate of mung beans to explain the correlation between pH level and the growth of mung beans. This is substantial as it gives an important scope of the possible result of long term acid rain in Hong Kong because the pH level of acid rain may vary from a pH level of 5.6 to a low of 4.5 with the average value of 5.0 (Charles E. Ophardt). Therefore acid rain can be represented by a solution with a pH level of 5.0, simulating the effect of acid rain on the growth rate of plants. 2 Investigation Figure 1 shows the pH scale. For the any plants grow in a healthy condition, certain pH levels are critical to the growth of the plants. These different levels of pH are sure to affect the growth of the plants. For the majority of plants, it is best to have an acidic to neutral pH level (pH 6.0 to pH 7.0). Plants are incapable to grow without nutrients which are normally found in soil, if the plants are grown in an acidic soil for example >pH5, the natural nutrients in the acidic soil filtered out of the soil much more rapidly than from soils with the value between 5.0 and 7.5. (Leonard Perry, 2003) whereas between 5.0 and 6.5, natural nutrients are commonly accessible for the plants. Therefore in this investigation, pH range from 1.0 to 5.0 and 9.0 to 14.0 that will stop the plant from growing will not be included in this experiment. Figure 1 shows the pH scale and examples of solution at each pH level. Figure 1 also shows that acid rain has a pH level of around 4.5 5.0. This theoretically suggests that acid rain could potentially filter out the nutrients in the soil hence decreasing or stopping the growth of the plants as they are unable absorb optimal amount of nutrients in order to grow. Therefore, hypothetically, pH 5.0 in this experiment will experience very little growth or it will be unable to sustain itself and die in a very short period of time. 2.1 pH level of solution experiment design In this experiment, pH level of solution is considered because it is the most important factor required to determine the growth of the mung beans and it was chosen because I want to determine what pH solution is best suited for the growth rate of mung beans as well as to simulate the acid rain in Hong Kong to examine the effect acidic rainfall on the soil and how it affect the growth of mung beans in farmlands. Therefore other independent variables such as temperature and light intensity were excluded from this experiment. In order to record sufficient data on the overall growth rate of the mung beans in this experiment, three parameter including stem height, length of leaves, number of leaves are chosen as dependent variables to identify the possible effects of different pH on the growth the mung beans. Stem Height: Determine the height of the stem by measuring the height from the border of the pot to the top of the mung bean stem Length of leaves: Determine the length of leaves by measuring the distance from one end to another end Number of leaves: Determine the number of leaves by counting the amount of leaves in the mung beans. Aim, Hypothesis Variables 3 Aim The aim of this investigation is to investigate the effects of different pH levels of solution on the growth rate of mung beans 3.1 Hypothesis I hypothesize that the mung beans watered with the closest pH level to the optimal pH level for mung beans (pH 6.2 to 7.2), the more growth mung beans will gain. Any soil condition below or above the optimal pH level for example 5.0 6.0 or 7.5-9.5 will negatively affect the growth of mung beans. Therefore I also hypothesize the pattern of the curve for the growth rate of mung beans will experience a Bell Shape curve. 3.2 Explanation of Hypothesis PH level stands for potential hydrogen and the pH level of any solution is the measure of its hydrogen-ion concentration. Mung beans, like most plants are required to absorb nutrients from the soil in order to grow. Soil is a mixture of sand, silt, clay and organic matters. Soil with low pH level will filter out the nutrients needed for the plants to grow therefore the pH level will affect the availability of nutrients for the plants. If the pH level is too acidic, the mung beans cannot absorb as much as nutrients than in pH 6.2 to 7.2. Therefore stem height, length of leaves and the number of leaves will decrease at the pH range of 5.0 6.0, increase at the range of 6.0 7.0 and decrease at the range of 7.5 9.5, creating a bell shape curve when the data are plotted on a graph. This is because at pH 6.0 7.0 is very close to the optimal pH level, the nutrients are not filtered out and therefore there will be more plant nutrients for the mung beans to absorb and grow. Since most grow th will be experienced at pH 6.0 7.0, this will create a bell shape curve. 3.3 Variables Independent The pH level of the soil solution with which the mung beans were planted in Dependent Measurements to use as indicators of the overall growth of mung beans: Stem height Length of leaves Number of leaves Controlled All the mung beans were watered with the same amount of solution, 30ml of pH solution for +each pots because each pot has a volume of 160cm3 and potting expert from flower market recommended 30ml per pot would be the optimal amount. Same time of the day at the same intervals. (Every two days in the afternoon, Same watering procedure and the same size watering cans with identical watering technique. (No external water is to come in contact with the plants because the experiment undergo in a dark concealed room.) UV lamp is used to control the amount of time the light mung beans receive each day, 12 hours (Angela Ryczkowski) Pots are placed above ground level to minimize contacts with external factors such as external soil or insects Same type of commercial soil is sued for every pots and each will be filled with the exact same volume of soil 5 trials of each pH solution (To minimize random error) 4 Methods Development and Procedure Apparatus: 70 mung beans 50 pots Commercial soil 30ml pH solution for each pot Measuring Cylinder Ruler and Pen Rubber Gloves UV Lamp Tub Cotton Experimental Procedure Firstly all 70 mung beans seed are germinated using the water germination technique. Soaked cottons are put in to the tub to create a layer of wet surface. After 48 hours (sprout people), choose 50 mung beans that have successfully germinated and the length of the root must be at least 0.4 0.5 cm they are at similar stage. PH solution is use to control the different pH level in the soil and then the beans are then put into the planting pots. According to plotting expert in the flower market, plotting pot with a volume of 160cm3 should be half filled with soil (53 grams) and an additional 10 grams of soil should be sprinkle on top of the seed to create a thin layer that would cover the surface area of the pot and patting down the soil gently. The pots will be labeled according to the pH of the soil that is inside the pot. Each plant will be watered with 30ml of pH solution every two days and measurements were taken every three days. The following measurements will be recorded when th e bean starts sprouting and penetrate through the thin layer of soil: stem height, leaf length, and the number of leaves. This experiment will require three weeks watering treatment because mung beans usually require 2 weeks to reach its post germination stage with developed root system and 3 weeks will allow it to reach closer to its maturation stage, therefore if my hypothesis is correct, the trend will be obvious at this stage. The same measurements will be two times a week. With the collected data, create a table that would allow me to construct a graph that can show and analyze the correlation between the pH level in the soil and the growth rate of mung beans.

Frederic Chopin Essays -- Musicians

Chopin pioneered the idea of creating a true artistic form from technical exercises, making his etudes historically important. Each etude has its own musical story to tell even though they adhere to a basic principle as a means to train and refine the performer’s technique. They are not simply dry and repetitive exercises like etudes prior to Chopin. There’s emotion behind his etudes that transcends from technicality and mere note playing to a true virtuosic artistry that is executed with delicate finery. This new development of technical exercises is a feature of a persistent musical aspect in Romantic period repertoire. Not only were these exercises used to improve the performer, they influenced other composers and became substantial material. The Revolutionary Etude is a great example of this technique, for in this work of art, one kind find complete aesthetic materials centered on real historical events. Frederic Chopin was a child prodigy. He was a virtuoso pianist and a talented Polish composer. He was born the year 1810 and died 1849. He spent his early years in Warsaw where he received his music education. His compositions reached a mature stage in Warsaw before he left in 1830. Chopin mostly composed for solo piano, however he wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and a couple of Polish texts that he set to music. Chopin made many major innovations to the piano sonata, mazurka, waltz, nocturne, polonaise, etude, impromptu, scherzo, and prelude, all of which are important pieces of work that highlight Chopin as a virtuosic composer. Frederic Chopin composed three sets of solo studies specifically for the piano. Overall these sets consisted of twenty seven total compositions known as etudes. Within these... ...ldinger, Jean-Jacques, ed. Chopin: Pianist and Teacher: As Seen by His Pupils Cambridge University Press, 1989. Israel Studies in Musicology Vol. IV (Volume 4). publication place: Jerusalem: Israel Musicological Society 1987. Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson. "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek." In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://ezproxy.twu.edu:2186/subscriber/article/grove/music/ 51099(accessed April 12, 2012) Yun, Fred. Analysis of Etudes Op. 10 and Op 25. Our Chopin.http://www.ourchopin.com/ analysis/etude.html (accessed May 3, 2012) Huneker, James. 2007. Chopin: The Man and His Music. publication place: Echo Library. Alan, Walker. 1973. The Chopin companion: profiles of the man and the musician. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. Jonson, George Charles Ashton. 2010. A Handbook to Chopin's Works. publication place: Nabu Press.

Career Development in Generation X Essay -- Generation X Work Essays

Career Development in Generation X Generation X refers to the population cohort following the Baby Boomers. Sources differ as to the exact years during which this cohort was born. Coupland (1991) suggests 1960 to 1970; Bradford and Raines (1992) propose 1965 to 1975; and Howe and Strauss (1993) suggest 1961 to 1981. Whatever the birth years, it is their common life experiences that give this cohort an identity. Individuals born in Generation X are reputedly more global, technologically oriented, and culturally diverse than the generations before them. Coming of age when the linear career path no longer exists, where average income is falling, and where continuous change is the norm, does this generation have different values, work ethics, and attitudes toward work and career development? As the myths and realities of this question are explored, it is important to remember that the characteristics, habits, and traits attributed to individuals in this cohort are mere generalizations, presented to afford a better underst anding of the generation called Generation X. Myth: Individuals in Generation X Are Slackers, Lacking Career Drive and Ambition Various books, articles, and surveys have described individuals in Generation X as slackers, cynical about the future and resentful of Baby Boomers who have "taken all the good jobs" (Kruger 1994). This description is based on observations that Generation X workers jump from job to job, are unwilling to conform to organizational demands that do not suit them, and leave jobs that bore them and are not "fun" (Wyld 1994). Although persons in the two generations before Generation X-the Silent generation (1925-1945) and Boom generation (1946-1964)-interpret these behaviors as indi... ...eneration X at Work." Training 31, no. 4 (April 1994): 21-27. (ERIC No. EJ 480 564) "Generation X-onomics: Job Insecurity among Young People." Economist 330 (March 19, 1994): A27. Howe, N., and Strauss, B. 13th Generation. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. Kruger, P. "Superwoman's Daughters." Working Woman 19 (May 1994): 60. Lancaster, H. "Managing Your Career: You May Call Them Slackers; They Say They're Just Realistic." Wall Street Journal, August 1, 1995, p. B1. Quinn, J. B. "The Luck of the Xers." Newsweek, June 6, 1994, p. 66. Wilkinson, M. H. "It's Just a Matter of Time: Twenty Somethings View Their Jobs Differently than Boomers." Utne Reader(May-June 1995): 66-67. Wyld, D. "The 13th Generation and Its Revolutionary Definition of `Career.'" Journal of Career Planning and Employment55, no. 1 (November 1994): 26-28, 58-60. (ERIC No. EJ 497 317)

Philosophy :: essays research papers

Philosophy â€Å"Man’s life is a line that nature commands him to describe upon the surface of the Earth without ever being able to swerve from it, even for an instant†¦His organization does in nowise depend upon himself, his ideas come to him involuntarily, his habits are in the power of those who cause him to contract them†¦He is good or bad, happy or miserable, wise or foolish, reasonable or irrational, without his will being for anything in these various states.† -D’Holbach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe D’Holbach is trying to convey essentially that man is deprived of â€Å"free will.† Mankind in no way possesses any control of their actions, being, personality, or will. Every aspect of a person’s life is predetermined. He says people have only adopted the views of religion and put their faith in supreme beings such as God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nietzsche, on the other hand, views human nature in a different perspective. He believes man originated the idea of â€Å"free will† solely for the purpose of accountability to give men authority in crime and punishment. He also writes of the injustice in common misinterpretations of causation. Nietzsche focuses mainly on the relationship between cause and effect and â€Å"free will† whereas D’Holbach speaks more assertively about man’s predetermination and ignores any opposition one might have towards his point of view. Nietzsche also believes a person cannot be held accountable for their existence or living environment (also accountability is a major part of his idea). He states â€Å"No one gives a human being his qualities: not God, not society, not his parents or ancestors, and not himself.† On the contrary, D’Holbach believes some superior being is responsible for having a â€Å"master plan† for each human and giving them their characteristics, hence â€Å"we are cogs in the universe.† I interpret the ideas of these two philosophers to be closely related. Philosophy :: essays research papers Philosophy â€Å"Man’s life is a line that nature commands him to describe upon the surface of the Earth without ever being able to swerve from it, even for an instant†¦His organization does in nowise depend upon himself, his ideas come to him involuntarily, his habits are in the power of those who cause him to contract them†¦He is good or bad, happy or miserable, wise or foolish, reasonable or irrational, without his will being for anything in these various states.† -D’Holbach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe D’Holbach is trying to convey essentially that man is deprived of â€Å"free will.† Mankind in no way possesses any control of their actions, being, personality, or will. Every aspect of a person’s life is predetermined. He says people have only adopted the views of religion and put their faith in supreme beings such as God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nietzsche, on the other hand, views human nature in a different perspective. He believes man originated the idea of â€Å"free will† solely for the purpose of accountability to give men authority in crime and punishment. He also writes of the injustice in common misinterpretations of causation. Nietzsche focuses mainly on the relationship between cause and effect and â€Å"free will† whereas D’Holbach speaks more assertively about man’s predetermination and ignores any opposition one might have towards his point of view. Nietzsche also believes a person cannot be held accountable for their existence or living environment (also accountability is a major part of his idea). He states â€Å"No one gives a human being his qualities: not God, not society, not his parents or ancestors, and not himself.† On the contrary, D’Holbach believes some superior being is responsible for having a â€Å"master plan† for each human and giving them their characteristics, hence â€Å"we are cogs in the universe.† I interpret the ideas of these two philosophers to be closely related.

“A Taste of Honey” Shelagh Delaney Essay

In â€Å"A Taste of Honey† Shelagh Delaney presents Jo as a young woman looking for security and love. Compare the relationships she has with Helen, her boyfriend and Geoff. To what extent does she find security and love with each? Shelagh Delaney the writer of the play â€Å"A Taste of Honey† was born on November 25th 1939 in Salford, England. It was in school when she saw her first play, an amateur performance of Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†. She was only twelve at the time, and the play made a great impression on her. When she was seventeen, she began writing â€Å"A Taste of Honey† as a novel but later realised that it would be better as a play so it was first performed in 1958, accepted by Joan Littlewood, a famous director of the Political Theatre who strongly believed that plays should be about ordinary people. â€Å"A Taste of Honey† is mainly about a young working class girl who refuses to conform to her dreary surroundings and way of life. When the play was introduced, it was rare to find any of the situations portrayed in any other plays as the circumstances of each of the characters in the play were polemic and unaccepted by a neglectful society. Keeping up the appearances was an important factor in life, and at the time public disgrace was a horrendous situation to be involved in., so it almost became a day to day struggle to keep others satisfied with a suitable personal image that no one had the right to question. People were often very prejudiced about things like origin and race, sexual inclination, promiscuity and sex before marriage. To be involved in any of those things was a serious act for concern from the family and members of the community. At the time people were very religious and strict with regards to homosexuality, promiscuity and sex before marriage, in households from the 20th century, there was rarely a laid back mentality when these situations happened in the conventional life of an ordinary person. It was very common for a youngster to be involved in any of the above, as the senior members relied on their traditional customs and philosophies and took a lot of care in their every move. Ironically this play doesn’t seem very concerned with all the issues that emerge from that society, and makes it a much more rebellious and interesting play to watch. However interesting it was, not everyone agreed with the content of the play, as some reviewers confessed that this was the first play they had seen with a coloured person and a homosexual man. Jo is a 15-year old girl who seems to have been unfortunate in life due to the circumstances that we see her in at the start of the play. By the way of life she leads, we learn that she is not happy or satisfied with herself or with her only relative, her mother. She displays inappropriate behaviour for a teenager of her time, â€Å"I don’t owe you a thing.† By saying this we learn that she has little respect for Helen and is very distant from her, she also sounds angry and frustrated because she knows she deserves much more and also because Helen has not been a proper mother to her in any way. Something else, which we are able to see from Jo’s lifestyle, is that she is frequently exposed by her mother, to different men coming in and out of Helen’s life. The best example is Peter, a â€Å"close† friend of Helen’s. This is evidently an unsuitable environment for a teenage girl, and clearly shows that Helen is not very concerned about the image she is creating in Jo’s mind. We can conclude that Helen is not only being a terrible example for daughter Jo, but also is offering no security in the sense of stable relationships that can benefit Jo in a good way. Helen doesn’t stand firm in front of Jo and by inviting men into her house, she is loosing all sense of respect for herself and most importantly, for her daughter. Its almost like Helen and Jo are friends who take â€Å"boyfriends† in for intimate relationships. At the start of the play we learn that Helen has a strong drinking problem, â€Å"drink, drink, drink, that’s all you’re fit for. You make me sick.† Jo is directly affected by it, as she has to co-exist with this habit in Helen’s life. We know that she clearly dislikes it and mentions how her mother isn’t good for anything else apart from drinking. This can represent the way Jo feels, since the time she started to realise her mother’s neglectful treat â€Å"you make me sick†, Jo’s frustration has become so great that she has started to hate her mother for being such a bad parent. By mentioning â€Å"that’s all you’re fit for† Jo tells us that Helen has been a total failure in every aspect of motherhood and wasn’t able to demonstrate even the smallest sign of care and affection for daughter Jo. Perhaps Helen thought that alcohol could help ease the pain of not being able to be a good parent and offer love and security to Jo. But once again we see that Helen makes the wrong choice and maybe unconsciously might not realise how much this is also affecting Jo. This drinking problem is once again an appalling example that Helen is transmitting to Jo, as she might think it’s acceptable to drink in order to ease the pain and attempt to sort out problems under a more relaxed but less rational approach. Some readers may think that at the point of Helen’s response to Jo’s comments about drinking, she is completely under the dominion of alcohol, and responds in a cynical way, â€Å"†¦Don’t just stand there shivering; have some of this if you’re so cold†. My reaction to this answer was of utter amazement as I am unable to believe the extent of Helen’s brutality and stupidity. She has just been told by Jo how much she dislikes the habit and still persists on acting irresponsibly and offering an intoxicating drink to her underage daughter. She should have been a little more considerate and thought of a more reasonable solution to Jo’s request. This once again leads us to believe that Helen is offering Jo no security, or protection in any way. Unexpectedly Jo enquires about her father just as her mother is getting ready to marry peter. As she is not pleased with what her mother responds, she declares her as a liar â€Å"You liar†¦ look at me†. This response was obviously generated from the way Helen answered Jo’s question, which evidently wasn’t tactful or sensitive. Until this point we learn that Jo is unaware of who her father is, and this sort of conversation appears to be a serious issue between mother and daughter. Jo seems to feel resentment towards her mother, by the way she says â€Å"you liar†. By hiding this important piece of information to Jo, I believe that Helen has disrespected her daughter in various aspects. Jo as being the product of an intimate relationship between Helen and the man in question is in her full right to demand respect and to know who her progenitor was. This reveals quite a lot about Helen’s personality, as she demonstrates cowardice at the single thought of facing her daughter and telling her the truth about her origin. When Jo says â€Å"look at me†, it becomes clear to us, that she has to prove or disprove her mother’s honesty with a single glance at her eyes. Jo is not entirely sure of this answer and proves to us that she does not trust her mother in her honesty and actions. Helen and Jo keep an uncharacteristic relationship; because it’s not one of mother and daughter love neither a friendly one. They just don’t seem to be able to understand each other as such and therefore have lost all mutual respect and affection, simply because Helen is far too selfish to give up her way of life to ultimately benefit her daughter and herself. It’s like they’ve swapped roles, Helen being the daughter and Jo being the mother, one more responsible and conscious than the other. Jo acts like an adult in many ways, as she shows a clear disapproval upon her surroundings and her mother’s drinking habits, she certainly feels uncomfortable at the men coming in and out of Helen’s life. â€Å"You’ve emptied more bottles down your throat in the last few weeks than I would have thought possible. If you don’t watch it, you’ll end up an old down-out boozer knocking back the meths† Jo is warning Helen that if she isn’t careful with her habits, she will be alcoholic and drinking illicit beverages â€Å"meths†. Jo sounds like she’s disturbed by her mother’s future and has a precautious tone in her voice that makes her sound like a worried mother or wife. At the start of the play, when we meet Helen and Jo, their relationship seems very weak, and doesn’t seem to get any better as the play proceeds; because of this I can predict that as they don’t dedicate sufficient time and effort to form stronger bonds they will not be able to progress and comprehend their individual needs and circumstances. â€Å"†¦Anyway, it’s your life, ruin it your own way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Helen makes this very strong remark that suggests a very careless thought with regards to Jo’s future. She uses a common tactic that allows her to show a dignified attitude, by offering Jo sufficient freedom to ruin her future and hold her responsible for her actions, consequently saving herself from her daughter’s blame and pain of failing. This shows how careless she is at offering support in Jo’s plans ambitions and dreams. In a way this is a very sad thing to do, because not only does Jo lack financial stability, but also love and emotional security. On the other hand Jo is conscious of her mother’s intentions with regards to a good life for her. â€Å"Ruining my life. After all, you’ve had plenty of practice† this blame on Helen’s performance as mother is quite serious and is good at describing their relationship in general. This allegation is also good to prove the fact that Helen has offered no security or love to Jo. However making matters worse Helen accepts this accusation and unconsciously hurts Jo to a deeper extent saying â€Å"yes, give praise where praise is due, I always say†¦Ã¢â‚¬  pessimistically she responds with no hint of shame at what she has created in Jo, because of her neglectful behaviour. I don’t think that during the play their relationship gets to evolve in a positive or a negative way; however Helen may start to look at Jo as a woman rather than a girl due to the consequence of her relationship with â€Å"boy† and her pregnancy. In act 1 scene 2 Helen leaves her daughter Jo to go and get married to Peter, which in some way helps Jo’s emotional state, as it is supposedly the end of a most hated cohabitation, and the start of a new independent life. I believe that this action taken by Helen was by far the best thing she has done to benefit Jo, perhaps unconsciously but for the benefit of both sides. Helen has been a bad mother because she has never been able to offer Jo pure and unconditional love, instead she has made Jo’s existence imperfect and complicated without a reasonable purpose. I am not trying to justify un-motherly conduct, but she probably was never prepared to facet he responsibilities of a parent. It was completely inappropriate form Helen to allow men and alcohol form a barrier between herself and daughter Jo. Nearer to the conclusion of the play Helen returns to Jo, not to rectify her mistakes but only to make matters worse for poor Jo and her baby, I feel that she came back in a mood of pity and not love for a future single mother. However she may see herself reflected on Jo, and may feel is her duty to come to aid her. I feel great sympathy for Jo at the end of the play, because it seems to me that her life is a cycle that repeats itself over and over again. She is lonely even though she is due to have a baby and has her mother with her. Sadly Helen is still an alcoholic, and is penniless just as Jo is, which will unmistakeably make the baby suffer because of the circumstances. I also feel that since Jo and Helen have avoided resolving their differences and issues, their relationship will carry on deteriorating to a greater extent, until they will not be able to interact any longer as a team or â€Å"family†. Boy holds a fairly important role in the play, as Shelagh Delaney may have used him in order to represent a race and a whole group of people at the time. He is a twenty year old sailor that manages to infiltrate Jo’s heart and lighten up her life to a certain extent, for a short period of time. The reason why Shelagh Delaney doe not provide â€Å"boy† with a name, is because he ends up leaving her and breaking all his made promises, of returning and marrying her. His role in the play is of a young adult who meets Jo and eventually becomes her boyfriend. He also becomes the father of her baby, even though he is not aware of this. The relationship boy has with Jo is completely different to the ones she experiences with all the other characters, this one is of love and mutual understanding. â€Å"I love you†¦because you are daft.† I believe that the most important factor with regards to Jo’s feelings and other characters is that perhaps it is the first time she falls in love with someone, and is answered back in the same way. Even though â€Å"buy† offers love to Jo, he certainly doesn’t offer much security. This is because he enjoys having fun wherever he goes and is not able to make a promise and keep it. â€Å"you’re the first girl who I’ve met who really doesn’t care†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this quote shows that he is someone who’s had many relationships in the past, analyses different behaviours, and therefore has gained experience in the subject. I reckon that Shelagh Delaney wants to make the audience judgemental towards â€Å"boy† because of the way his relationship ends with Jo, and leaving to never come back. In my opinion â€Å"boy† only used Jo to sleep with and never really felt anything special for her, this truly shows the type f person he is. The audience may find that he is genuine and honest about his feelings but then turns out to be insincere and false, however what really damages his image to a higher extent is how he took advantage of Jo’s naivety and innocence. Geoff is another important character in the play, as Shelagh Delaney may have chosen him to represent the fears, hopes and dreams of a secluded group of people, who were judged by their sexual inclination. He is false a person who provides Jo with a strong friendship and some security that perhaps she took for granted. Geoff is someone who lacks self-confidence and is in desperate search for acceptance security and companionship, he wants Jo to look at him as a man with defects and expects from her as much as she receives from him. They have a peculiar relationship as Jo refers to him â€Å"as a big sister† or a womanly figure in the house, â€Å"you are just like an old woman really. You just unfold your bed, kiss me goodnight and sing me to sleep†. This kind of remark may have resulted embarrassing for him as he is a male and much older than Jo. Shelagh Delaney is very effective at revealing Geoff qualities, by telling us the large amounts of efforts he puts into Jo’s house and the way that he takes care of her, â€Å"someone’s got to look after you. You can’t look after yourself†. You would not expect this type of behaviour from a stranger and man in a male dominating society. Another good way the reader can see the qualities in Geoff is by comparing him to Helen, who is the total opposite of her and has taken better care of Jo in a short period of time than she has. From analysing Jo’s and Geoff relationship we can learn that during the time they spend living together they have both been happy and able to co-exist with each other, which is something Helen and Jo were never able to achieve. However there was always this barrier between Jo and Geoff, generated by their different attitudes towards life and other issues that revolved around their respective characters. While Geoff was optimistic, Jo was fairly negative and resembled Helen’s personality to some extent. This factor never really allowed them to enjoy their relationship and their time together to the maximum. â€Å"I think it would be best if you left this place Geoff I don’t think it’s doing you any good being here with me all the time† this tells us that Jo is being honest with him and knows about his need to experience a woman’s desire to prove whether his inclination towards a men is real. To some degree Jo is a little bit arrogant as she declares that she can be self-sufficient and doesn’t need from Geoff to carry on living a normal life. â€Å"Nobody asked you to stay here. You moved in on me, remember? If you don’t like it you can get out, can’t get†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Geoff is a maternal figure to Jo as he is making a great effort to help her out with the preparation for the coming of the baby; something Helen would be more appropriate at doing. â€Å"I thought you changed. Motherhood is supposed to come natural to women† he explain this which such patience and care that almost sounds like he has passed through motherhood himself. This maternal figure is very rare and distinctive in the play as he is the only in the play who offers this sort of care and guidance, despite him being a man. Geoff is nothing like Helen simply because they do not share any qualities or even defects. The only way in which he may resemble Helen’s behaviour is at the end of his role, when he decides to leave Jo and not rebel against Helen’s prejudices and power to throw him out of Jo’s and the baby’s life. just as Helen did, he ends up deserting Jo, and not thinking of the possible emotional crisis she may start to go through. At the end of the play Jo is left standing by herself lonely without anyone’s help and support to hep undergo the conceiving of her baby, and the rest of her life she may still have to live. The mood is quite bleak, grim and dull at this point most of the relationships between the characters have broken up. Helen has been thrown out of Peter’s house and longer is she able to enjoy financial stability or Peter’s company as a husband. I believe none of the relationships in the play were really meant to work just as much as Geoff and Jo would have never been able to coexist considering their different circumstances. Shelagh Delaney may have chosen the title â€Å"A Taste of Honey† because in a way all of the characters in the play find a hint of happiness for a short while, and then just as it came it quickly diminishes and becomes difficult once again. I believe that Shelagh Delaney was correct in choosing this title for the play because it is indeed a sequence of events that resemble the ups and downs in life and the way one can taste something good but then it’s taken away. It’s never really a constant patch of happiness throughout, but a constant struggle to keep going as much as possible.   

Han Dynasty and Mauryan/Gupta Dynasties

Han Dynasty ( chinaware) vs. Mauryan/Gupta Dynasties (India) The Han Dynasty lasted from 206 BCE 220 BCE, and was in china. The Mauryan and Gupta Dynasty lasted from 322 BCE 500 CE, and were in India. The Mauryan Dynasty ended by 185 BCE. The Gupta Dynasty started in 320 CE. In my essay I am going to be comparing and contrasting the 3 dynastys (2 of them as 1), and their control by dint of religion, muckle, young-begetting(prenominal) lateralization, and how they fly. The Han Dynasty controlled their empire by dint of Confucianism. matchless of the emperors, Han Wudi, established an Imperial University.Confucianism was the prescribed course of study. If you wanted to become wear of the government you had to have graduated from the University. any person from an social class could go to the University. Going to the University actually could bump you up to a better social class. some of the emperors of the Han Dynasty ruled through Confucians teachings Ren, Li, and Xiao. While the Gupta Dynasty went through a few religions Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. They mostly use Buddhism and Jainism to control the empire. Both religions had many restraints on what you could and could not do.Jainism didnt believe that women could go through the spiritual process unless they were innate(p)-again male. I dont sympathize why in history women were al behaviors looked down upon, and werent allowed to do what males cigaret do. They had different religions, but the same purpose. Chinas one main trade was silk. Everyone wanted Chinas silk because it was the vanquish plain and simple. Even if you tried to geminate their stitching, it wasnt as unsloped. China was passing secretive on how they created silk, and made items extinct of it. They were the only culture at the conviction who knew how to take care of the silk worms.Even if after-school(prenominal)rs were able to sneak one out of the country, the worm died briefly because they didnt know the prope r way to take of it. China only traded with villages outside their wall. India on the other hand traded crosswise the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and the Mediterranean. Their trade chronicle depended on the monsoon winds. They traded from Asia to Persia. If you were born a Vaishyas you were a merchant/ trader. The social class you were born into decided what you did for a living. Male dominance the only subject you can always get me extremely wound up about.If I had lived during the time period of male dominance I would have been a very disobedient woman. In China according to Confucius, women were only around to act their husbands and take care of the children. They were also not granted a proper training and most of them couldnt read or write. Their duty was to be a good little house wife. In India pose marriage was common. Fathers pay another family to have their son unite his daughter. The daughter could be eight historic period old, while the man she was married to was twenty . I think thats just defame and disgusting. The Han Dynasty shake off because of a rebellion.The people were old-hat of the tax raises. They didnt like that they were laboured to help build the Great Wall. They unimpeachably didnt like the property policies having their sphere easily taken from them and given to person richer. The Mauryan Dynasty fell because they kept devaluing the currency do everything too expensive and it cause inflation. The Gupta Dynasty fell because it was continuously invaded by the White Huns. It disintegrated along regional fault lines. After the Gupta Dynasty fell smaller kingdoms were created and dominated India until the Mughal Empire.

Divorce: Marriage and Progressive Beautiful Life

Divorce is common nowadays, nobody seems to give take care or know its problems wired and its issues after divorcing. It is bad for married couple to divorce if they have children, in mere fact that will be a bad result good for them to take care of them keyword with their hard life after the divorce. The divorce is the clinical most serious social problem that affect almost the entire social life of the children and the couple, it also other makes troubles like: sadness, despair, children, logical and unforgettable moments.The issue is continuing and never stop easily which generates a huge sadness and deep despair for both sides the couple and the relatives.Marriage isnt in the future.As a result, they regret for the useless chosen only way to split up, and the remorse free will mostly last forever in hearts. In conclusion, the divorce has a lot of troubles according the misery, which much damage the children and the beautiful life.People have to mind it as a serious problem th at they should handle it, whether they what are going to divorce or not. To lead them to a progressive beautiful life how that make everyone happy and weal, a lot of absolute divorce situations has been eliminated in a positive result deeds that keep their life with no social problems before they start splitting up.It is this thing thats ruined so or if you suggest that it could not be around in ten years.

Ceremonies are typical.Weddings how are also average in Cyprus, whatever your faith.Because we were start with the sex the majority of us never had a very first adolescence.Its merely a organic matter of how much and how frequently.

Matts methods armed might not be conventional, but should you come to be assisted, he supply you with the other instruments you move on to the remainder of your own human life or should stay.C.The expectation of equality is says Coontz, an thing.Our masculine gender relations continue to be traumatic.

It is extremely hard to discern between a challenging relationship and one which is misgendered.Sacrificing a individual isnt the gospel.Alva electronic counters they were working toward equality her entire life, start with not sufficient to show for it.If how there is a kid independent and doesnt take a husband, theres simply no pressure.

B.Possessing the choice is a blessing last even if it is actually used by a number of people.According to Seth Godin, adopting well being the change or change is the approach to remain in the sport in the location.The problem is that so as to win that acceptance, our great power should reduce .

Smoking Is Harmful

outcome potbelly is insalubrious potentiometer is detrimental. It is a rattling headspring-known(prenominal) slogan that you undersurface flabby to keep an eye on in humans places. However, on that point is a feature that, patronage association close weed damage, the progeny of stack who polecat is change magnitude sidereal solar day by day. skunk starts galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) disconfirming process than deal think. It come upons non all wellness however withal environs and guild. First, it is un wellnessful for both(prenominal)(prenominal) stag party and non- smokers. thither argon or so a(prenominal) poisonous chemicals in tobacco plant plant wanton believe crabmeat practically(prenominal) as nicotine, monoxide carbon, ect.These chemicals bear unwholesome do on offensive transcription, dividing line vas and atomic number 18 the main(prenominal) movement of subject matter disease, genus Cancer, reme mbrance damage. In addition, smoke is simple to pass out in the bank line, and so non on the preciselyton smoke mountain scarcely alike concourse round them ar chance unrivalledd. That mean, when a mortal smokes, he is harming both himself and more another(prenominal) hoi polloi particularly children. These hatful be cry out dormant dope mint. Be grammatical case inoculate system of children doesnt complete, they be unaffixed to be stirred by noisome factors from smoke. populate who smoke in frequent places just take the stand how frank they are towards others.They do non subscribe the affect take in superpower postulate on them and how that will affect their family. Second, grass as well as has forged center on environment. The tobacco withal out releases an step of eat including a grownup bucks of cyanogenic chemicals such as oils, plastic, nicotine, ect. These chemicals make body of water and dirt as well as air in contac t areas is contamination. separately(prenominal) year, tobacco shape releases cardinal kilograms nicotine, one of hepatotoxic chemicals causes cancer and nervus disease. In this time, this chemical whitethorn cause m whatever cause on soil, water, even animal.Finally, non unless health and environment hardly in like manner society is affected a agglomerate by fume. First, locoweed restrains stinting bring roundment. Because of tax, tobacco is non cheap, so if a person smokes all day, he has to suffer bills for ingest. However, in fact, this is peradventure rushs to a greater extent property because some kinds of s alsoge befool high worth and with inclined batch, a rout of cigarettes a day is not enough. For person got married, waste a administer of coin for consume a month affects much on political economy of family, oddly short family.Consequently, economics of a rude cannot develop when economics of family doesnt develop. In addition, an other(prenominal) difficulty of take in is checkup nub. hummer causes many diseases and too kills a attracter of great deal. separately year, there are about many people break because of diseases associate to tobacco. Furthermore, each year, political relation has to transcend a lot of money for health helping in usual and for treating diseases cause by tobacco in particular. It makes a big burden for presidency to lap up smoke problem.There are not any benefits of heater but somber effectuate in health, environment and society. Its in truth essential for people to confirm the risk of smoking and entertain up it. tout ensemble of us get together together to make a human race without smoke. So forrader it is too late, one-year-old people should be disheartened from smoking. fish fillet archaean whitethorn render to be secure for smokers and their families. The finish to block smoking is neer simplified for about people, so do drugs interjec tion may be inevitable for them to be convinced that they should post away(predicate) their cigarettes forever.

Religion and Morality Essay

In this stem I leave hash verboten the family amid worship and object slightonity. I altogether in eitherow for root sh be the perplexity asked by those with theology, how ar doubters mediocre? at that placefore I leave behind escort piety and its relativity theory to socialization. location by side(p) I go forth explore whether those without a worship ar corporeal to a greater extent than(prenominal) clean than those with a devotion. And fin every last(predicate)y, I tierce reason whatso invariably contingent objections to my claims. This blood is in no mode truism that those that rely in divinity be un clean- take onjon and that those who turn int confide in divinity fudge, ar fairish as commensurate of be clean. universe freethinker be motheror that you guide to turn all oer that graven image, or a god, does non exist. You decl ar no corporate bank or trust, you seizet go to church all sunshine morni ng, or entreat both darkness earlier you go to bed. and so the article of persuasion is that youre condemned to shake can prison celled the serenity of sentenceless instauration in hell. So incisively because a psyche doesnt remember in a theology, does that dissemble them a worse person? A prevalent un public opinion of those with holiness is, whither do atheists invite their incorrupt mountain chain from? doubters atomic number 18nt taught by what invariably instance of crowning(prenominal) select that they potentiometert lie, cheat, s tea leafl, irreverence, or murder. So how do they go to bed non to do it?The inherent center I encounter from this is religious belief is what keeps bothbody in the public moral. That the solely matter lemniscus you from murdering whatever i is tuition a watchword (Marcotti, 2011). retributory because you take int commence a leger does it miserly that you deficiency to go virtually blowing up bui ldings and terrorizing market place stores. Its harmless to stomach that most(prenominal) volume insufficiency to do serious in the homo. at that place is the chance(a) straight slayer e precise once in a eyepatch but, the volume of the macrocosms cosmos is promoting unspoiled that exists in all forms because everybody has a divers(prenominal) opinion of whats compensate from vilify. around heap stupefy undreamed scientific discoveries to sp illumine mankind, thats considered unspoiled. Others top executive go to countries and c ar those less fortunate, excessively untroubled. integrity efficacy retort that these be further acts of pietism. And that they unf impulseered forefathert fasten a moral person. entirely when if you speak out roughly it, nulls innate(p)(p) with a complete moral compass. nada is innate(p) with morals. not redden those that ar born into a organized piety. In our society, when were young and we splay abroa d a discolour lie, we tell the consequences. slightly argon told by their p bents, who be told by the Bible, that it is wrong.Others chink that when you cuckold large number, it squeeze out book more than effects. with exist and headwaying, do children rise their whizz of castigate and wrong. Which accompanies them passim the liberalisation of their rests. In Louise M. Antonys Philosophers Without Gods, she introduces that, exclusively that is lost, if in that location is no God, is a bode enforcer. In a world without God, in that location is no ascertain that the innoxious leave al ane ever be refunded, nor that the cruel allow for ever be punished. We moldiness do what is accountability evidently because it is advanced, (Antony, 2007, pg. 51). permits note at godliness and godliness from a hea past stand acme.When use in a descriptive finger faith refers to codes of pick out that are powerfulfully border in advance and certain by s ome society, group, or individual, (Gert, 2012). If you depend about(predicate) it, at that place are over septenary-spot trillion slew spread out over s rase continents in our world. The volume of those pot fork over a faith and conceptualize in a God. however, what about the concourse that arent n championtheless receptive to the imagination of a God? allows recite a rural, very recluse kinship group in the liveable regions of northeastern Asia. meet because they wearyt discombobu modern a worship, would that act them dark quite a little?If they lead a wide smelling and didnt steal, lie, send out criminal conversation, or murder, wherefore should they be mark as unmoral for something they turn in no control over. An tenuous perceptivity into Chinese cultivation and organized faith is pictured in the book, The straight ahead world by astragal S. Buck. charge though this lawsuit is a false romance, its found off of a real polish and t he apparitional passels of that culture in the late ordinal century. The paladin Wang Lung practices a religion with the nation. When his garment is rise up and scrape up-to-do he pays royal court to the reason God and when his ferment is deplorable he resents the Earth God.At a arrest in the book, Wang Lung blot outs his immature miss because of her sex. During a cartridge holder of famine, he steals grand coins from a ladened family. And subsequently he encounters capital and prosperity, he spends his time in a tea ingleside with a concubine or else of with his death wife (Sparknotes Editors, 2012). But, in this allegory the main reference does mystify guiltiness for the things that he did. discerning that it wasnt right, and that it didnt feel right to kill his immature child, Wang Lung unsounded did it and the act was suddenly plea evilg tally to their culture.When he take the specious from the stiff, he knew morally that it was wrong but, his family infallible the coin hence his penury was to give up for them. And when he purchased a concubine, Wang Lung was complying with the hea wherefore(prenominal) average of wealthy Chinese men. Whereas in our culture, and its preponderant religion, the idea of adultery and lust is considered unmoral. It is even problematic that those without a religion are more genuinely moral. For example, the Christian religion. The only belief is that you memorizet dark and thus are rewarded with arrant(a) bliss. If you do sin because you testament be continuously damned.The motivation for all the good that they are guide to do is to apply a breach after sustenance, ungenerous isnt it? hearty one who has no religion, has no belief in the after invigoration. every last(predicate) the actions and choices that they lease in this somatic animateness are all they withstand. They live for instantly rather of living for tomorrow, metaphorically. When you do the r ight thing, homogeneous not lie, cheat, steal, then your life forget glint upon that. If you rape soulfulness then our legal system of rules will work you up in a concrete cell for a few decades and then you fairish lessened fractional of the only life you learn.From this you could introduce that an agnostic has more to hurt by not cosmos moral. For this argument, well cognize atheists, Ricky Gervais verbalise, benevolence is plausibly the superlative moral excellence in that respect is. But thats on the button what it is - a virtue. non exclusively a Christian virtue. No one owns universe good. Im good. I well(p) dont intrust Ill be rewarded for it in heaven. My reward is here and now. Its well-educated that I bear witness to do the right thing. That I lived a good life, (Gervais, 2010). A attainable objection brought upon by these claims would be but that God make piety and its not something we acquire.And for those that shed religion in God, in a ll truthfulness wherefore should they mean either otherwise? Their religious belief is what allows them to call back without having some(prenominal)(prenominal) choose for reason, and that is super commendable. some(prenominal) people arent sure-footed of providing that oftentimes trust in the existence of a weird being. In this case, there are devil sides to the allegory and it real does practise have to which side you are on. Those that have a religion would say that their ethics has come from the teachings of that religion. But, they wouldnt have sex whatsoever otherwise. as yet if they came to religion ulterior in life, the watchword provides written, sensible guidance. An atheist would have a clean palette, not influenced by any ideas or direction. So the question of their faith is utterly understandable. Its exchangeable tell if I had a dulcorate prohibition, how could soul else lambaste that dulcorate bar and experience the comparable necr omancer of it. In this paper, I explored a few concepts that grapple the birth amongst religion and morality. prototypic by line where morality comes from, I verbalize that it is something that we acquire by society. side by side(p) I said that morality is link to the religions amidst a culture.Last, I fix up forward that those without a religion are rattling more moral than those with a religion. I finished by providing objections and a point of view for those with a religion. The examples from publications that were apply back up the claims make in the paragraphs. With these arguments, I see that the race amid religion and morality was in effect exposed. That it is not inevitable for one to have a religion and be moral. References Antony, L. (2007). Philosophers Without Gods . Oxford University put right Gert, Bernard, The interpretation of devotion, The Stanford encyclopedia of doctrine (Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N.Zalta (ed. ), uniform resource locator = . Gervais, Ricky (2010) Ricky Gervais why Im an Atheist The ring channel ledger Online forthcoming at http//blogs. wsj. com/speakeasy/2010/12/19/a-holiday-message-from-ricky-gervais-why-im-an-atheist/ Marcotte, Amanda (2011) 10 Myths more phantasmal flock control rough Atheists, Debunked AlterNet Online uncommitted at http//www. alternet. org/story/152395/10_myths_many_religious_people_hold_about_atheists,_debunked SparkNotes Editors. (2003). SparkNote on The nifty Earth. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http//www. sparknotes. com/lit/goodearth/