Krakatau :: essays research papers

Krakatau Krakatau (Krakatoa), is said to have created the worst volcanic eruptions in history, in 1883. Ancient Krakatoa formed in 416 A.D. and still exists today in Indonesia. That same explosion, in 1883, created 130 feet tsunamis, which destroyed 130 coastal homes, two docks (India and Australia), and killed about 36,000 people. It created very loud sounds and was heard as far away as Madasagascar, about 3,000 miles away from Java, where Krakatau was. Some people even believe that it may have been the reason for the drop in temperature and the spectacular sunsets for the next three years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krakatoa has erupted many times in its â€Å"lifetime†, but this paper will only share about 3 eruptions: 1883, 1988, and 1992. In 1883, Krakatoa had its most dangerous explosion on August 27th. It blew itself to bits, literally! It destroyed 75% of itself along with many other people living near the coastlines of Australia and India. In 1988, Krakatoa erupted in February, then continued on March 16th on which was reported caused two small lava flows from its new crater, then continued into April, causing frequent explosions to eject small plumes of fire. The last eruption we'll talk about was in 1992. This explosion’s strongest activity point occurred on November 12, when Krakatoa started â€Å"shooting† lava-bombs out of its crater onto the north coast and some lava flowed into the sea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While we know volcanoes erupt, how do they erupt? After some research, I found that they are caused by gas pressuring the molten magma, forcing the magma to push upward into the weak zones in the Earth’s crust. Thus, this allows the magma to push its way out through the volcano’s vents to be erupted from its crater to become lava. In the 1883 eruption, the eruption lasted from August 23-27. In 1988, the explosions lasted from February to April, erupting continuously. And in 1992, it lasted from November 7, 1992 to August 14, 1993, one of Krakatoa’s longest eruptions. In 1992, the lava flowed one kilometer to the north, moving the shore 100 meters more northern than the former shore   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krakatoa has caused much damage to the world, but what specifically has it done?

Essay on Responding to Pain in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea

Responding to Pain in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea    In both Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea, the main characters Jane and Antoinette are faced with hardships that affect each of them in different ways. In the passages below, the authors Charlotte Bronte and Jean Rhys illustrate that Jane and Antoinette grew fond of inanimate objects in response to the hurt that they had suffered in life. Although Jane and Antoinette appear to have come from painful backgrounds, each deals with her pain in a different manner, and therefore each leads a very different life into adulthood. Because of their varying attitudes towards life and hardships, Jane and Antoinette lived very different life styles despite similarities early in life.    "... I then sat with my doll on my knee till the fire got low, glancing round occasionally to make sure that nothing worse than myself haunted the shadowy room; and when the ember sank to a dull red, I undressed hastily, tugging at knots and strings as I might best, and sought for shelter from cold and darkness in my crib. To this crib I always took my doll; human beings must love something, and in the dearth of worthier objects of affection, I contrived to find a pleasure in loving and cherishing a faded graven image, shabby as a miniature scarecrow. It puzzles me now to remember with what absurd sincerity I doated on this little toy, half fancying it alive and capable of sensation. I could not sleep unless it was folded in my night-gown; and when it lay there safe and warm, I was comparatively happy, believing it to be happy likewise...." --from Jane Eyre, chapter 4    "...I left a light on the chair by my bed and waited for Christophine, for I liked to see her last thing. But she di... ..., and Jane Eyre may have had a tragic ending if she had married St. John. However, their approaches to life in response to pain determined the outcomes of their lives. Possibly, if Antoinette had searched for love, be it in a doll or a human being, she may have found it.    Works Cited and Consulted Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1991 Ciolkowski, Laura E.. "Navigating the Wide Sargasso Sea ¨ Twentieth Century Literature. Vol 43. 3. 1997:125-140. Gates, Barbara Timm, ed. Critical Essays on Charlotte Bronte. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1990. Howells, Coral Ann. Jean Rhys. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. 1991. Macpherson, Pat. Reflecting on Jane Eyre. London: Routledge, 1989. Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. London: Penguin, 1968. Wyndham, F. Introduction. Wide Sargasso Sea. By Jean Rhys. London: Penguin, 1996. 1-15. Essay on Responding to Pain in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea Responding to Pain in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea    In both Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea, the main characters Jane and Antoinette are faced with hardships that affect each of them in different ways. In the passages below, the authors Charlotte Bronte and Jean Rhys illustrate that Jane and Antoinette grew fond of inanimate objects in response to the hurt that they had suffered in life. Although Jane and Antoinette appear to have come from painful backgrounds, each deals with her pain in a different manner, and therefore each leads a very different life into adulthood. Because of their varying attitudes towards life and hardships, Jane and Antoinette lived very different life styles despite similarities early in life.    "... I then sat with my doll on my knee till the fire got low, glancing round occasionally to make sure that nothing worse than myself haunted the shadowy room; and when the ember sank to a dull red, I undressed hastily, tugging at knots and strings as I might best, and sought for shelter from cold and darkness in my crib. To this crib I always took my doll; human beings must love something, and in the dearth of worthier objects of affection, I contrived to find a pleasure in loving and cherishing a faded graven image, shabby as a miniature scarecrow. It puzzles me now to remember with what absurd sincerity I doated on this little toy, half fancying it alive and capable of sensation. I could not sleep unless it was folded in my night-gown; and when it lay there safe and warm, I was comparatively happy, believing it to be happy likewise...." --from Jane Eyre, chapter 4    "...I left a light on the chair by my bed and waited for Christophine, for I liked to see her last thing. But she di... ..., and Jane Eyre may have had a tragic ending if she had married St. John. However, their approaches to life in response to pain determined the outcomes of their lives. Possibly, if Antoinette had searched for love, be it in a doll or a human being, she may have found it.    Works Cited and Consulted Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1991 Ciolkowski, Laura E.. "Navigating the Wide Sargasso Sea ¨ Twentieth Century Literature. Vol 43. 3. 1997:125-140. Gates, Barbara Timm, ed. Critical Essays on Charlotte Bronte. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1990. Howells, Coral Ann. Jean Rhys. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. 1991. Macpherson, Pat. Reflecting on Jane Eyre. London: Routledge, 1989. Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. London: Penguin, 1968. Wyndham, F. Introduction. Wide Sargasso Sea. By Jean Rhys. London: Penguin, 1996. 1-15.

Merseyside and Rotterdam projects Essay

I would choose Merseyside project rather than Rotterdam’s not only for its superior prospect based on the quantitative criteria, but also for a more rational strategy consideration. For the four investment criteria, here’s the elaboration. NPV. Since the two plants are of identical scale, age, design and similar project size, it makes sense to use NPV to compare the two projects. Not taken into account the erosion at Merseyside, the projected NPV of Rotterdam project is GBP4.49 million (GBP15.06 million- GBP10.57 million) higher than that of Merseyside project. IRR. The IRR of the Merseyside project (24.3%) is 5 percentage points higher than that of Rotterdam project (17.3%). Payback. Based on the cumulative free cash flow calculated, the payback period of Merseyside (3.8 years) is four years less than that of the Rotterdam projects (7.9 years), which is a big difference for a 15-year project. Growth in EPS. Calculated as the average annual EPS contribution of the project over its entire economic life (15 years), the average annual addition to EPS of Merseyside and Rotterdam projects are GBP0.022 and GBP0.030 respectively, with a difference of GBP0.008. A quick look at the four quantitative criteria might suggest that the two projects are of similar value to Victoria Chemicals; NPV and Growth in EPS are in favor of Rotterdam while IRR and Payback are in favor of Merseyside. However, taken into consideration the current status of the industry, the four criteria should not be of the same weight. As suggested by the director of sales, the industry is in a downturn with a possible oversupply issue around the corner. A price competition can be foreseen among the top suppliers of polypropylene in Europe, which would require a more liquid financial status of the company. A 7.9-year payback suggested by Rotterdam project might put the company into a dangerous financial situation among fierce competition and the company might even have no chance to enjoy the proposed benefits (higher NPV and Growth in EPS). With this being said, the Merseyside project is a better choice based on the quantitative analyses. From the strategy point of view, Merseyside project is still the project that is easier to  receive a green light from the senior management of the company for the following reasons. 1) The new Japanese process-control technology is still too young to ensure the stable efficiency gains across each of the production facilities. Even time will help reduce the variability of the efficiency gains generated by the system itself, none of the machinery at Victoria Chemicals’ two plants has been tested for the compatibility for this Japanese technology. Admittedly, the potential success of the Rotterdam project will benefit the company significantly in terms of both market position and financial status, it was based on too many assumptions and thus less persuasive. 2) Although the Rotterdam project is a phased program, it is irreversible due to the complexity of the technology and the extent to which it would permeate the plant. That is to say, once the senior management choose the Rotterdam project and the new technology turns out to be less than satisfactory, all the investments are wasted. Moreover, it would be hard to sell the purchase option of a pipeline and its right-of-way if the plan didn’t work out due to the strong objection from some senior executives. 3) It would be harder for Victoria Chemicals to justify to investors its investment in Rotterdam project than in Merseyside project. Rotterdam project is dependent on a technology with unforeseeable future and propylene supply that are subject to vary over time. These factors are difficult to quantify and for investors, who have already cast doubt on the company’s financial performance due to the corporate raider Sir David Benjamin, these can exacerbate their unsecure feeling towards the company and thus worsen the projected EPS. 4) Assume the Rotterdam project can achieve all the predicted financial goals and benefit both plants, there’s no reason that the new control technology has to be installed now. O the contrary, Merseyside project is comparatively simpler for execution and the effects of it can be seen sooner (only a 1.5 months downtime for construction is needed versus 12 months downtime required by Rotterdam project). Given the facts mentioned, why not choose Merseyside project now and wait for two years to see how the market develops and decide whether to install the new control technology that might be more mature and stable at that time? Some may argue that the Merseyside project is too conservative and might jeopardize Victoria Chemicals’ chance to become the pioneer in using advanced process control technology, however, based on aforementioned  analysis, I believe the Merseyside project will be the right choice at this timing but the flexibility of adding the technology in the future should be retained.

Hiding emotions: lessons from the past Essay

While it is true that emotions separate humans from beasts, it cannot be denied that emotions are also the reason behind the unprecedented fall of every man and woman. It is the ability to feel that has allowed the wisest kings and greatest generals to experience the bitter consequences of failure and defeat. Indeed, emotions can turn into a great liability. It is for this reason that A. E Houseman warned the reader about the dangers and pitfalls of dwelling too much on one’s feelings. On a closer observation of the poem, its over-all theme provides a preview of how emotions transforms into a cunning foe. It also renders an explanation on how experience functions as mankind’s greatest teacher. This is something that cannot be merely equated to articulating and remembering the painful memories of a lost love. On a closer analysis, the poem’s persona is an adult that initially reminisces the frivolity of his or her youth. Under this context, it can be observed that the author expressed age in a different manner. Instead of directly stating â€Å"twenty-one,† the author stated â€Å"one and twenty. † Yet, it can be argued that such style was not merely used to showcase a polished rhyme scheme. Far beyond that, this technique adds to the artistic and creative integrity of the poem. But more than anything else, it can be seen that twenty one (21) connotes deeper meanings. More often than not, twenty-one signifies the time or period in one’s life wherein he or she can do almost everything. In many countries, this is considered as the legal age. Along with age, confidence and self-esteem grow. Because of these, many individuals tend to be overly impulsive and let their emotions govern them, without taking into consideration, the possible implications or effects that their respective actions may produce. In the poem, the lines â€Å"Give crowns and pounds and guineas; But not your heart away,† serves as a piece of advice or even a warning sign for that matter about the dangers of being too emotional. On a deeper context, the heart symbolizes the emotions or sentiments that each and every individual feel. Oftentimes, the heart as a symbol is used to refer to romantic relationships. But then again, there are different kinds of emotions that the heart feels. It can range from passionate love to extreme anger. Therefore, if an individual allows his or her emotion, he or she could be trapped in uncompromising situations. Somehow, the poem does not encourage its readers from being too transparent. Under real-life scenarios, it can be readily observed that many have suffered, not only because they are too focused on their emotions, but also because they enabled other individuals to see their motives and intentions. There is no doubt that emotions are capable of reflecting one’s strength and weaknesses, which, in return, can lead to the destruction of their lives. In this aspect, it is also important to note that the heart is one of the most important organs in one’s body. Therefore, to freely give it away, as the poem suggests, is synonymous to ending one’s life. This is something that cannot be immediately replaced compared to valuable materials such as crowns, pounds, guineas, pearls and rubies that were mentioned in the poem. The ability to hide one’s emotion is further supported by the lines â€Å"The heart out of the bosom; Was never given in vain; Tis paid with sighs a-plenty; And sold for endless rue. † In here, the heart or the emotion is presented as if it is a big secret. The phrase â€Å"out of the bosom,† thus denotes the unveiling or revelation of the secret which can result to regrets and resentment. On the other hand, the persona also speaks of how he or she has learned from experience. The â€Å"wise man† symbolizes â€Å"experience. † More often than not, the lessons in life are not fully understood or given much importance not unless an individual goes through it. Along with age and experience, an individual becomes wiser and careful about the decisions that he or she makes. This is something that the persona has ultimately learned. The persona went through the consequences of revealing his or her emotions—the persona was put into the hot waters when he or she heavily relied on his or her feelings and because of this, his or her experience provided lessons in life that cannot be discounted. The last line â€Å"And oh, tis true, tis true,† does not necessarily equate to regrets, but more of an affirmation of the lessons imbibe

Superstition and Daily Life Dealings

What does the word superstition mean to you? We really find it difficult to define it. According to one simple definition, feelings or believes involving fear of some unseen forces is called superstition. For example, if a person believes that by wearing some kind of charm he will be protected from evil spirits and bad luck and without wearing It he will be under the influence of some unseen forces and also he will have bad luck.This kind of feelings or believes which involve fear of unseen forces, which can't be proved, is called superstition and those people ho have such kind of believes are known as superstitious people. This kind of people believes in signs and numbers of good luck and bad luck and their whole live are greatly affected by these signs and numbers. How did Superstitions Begin? It is almost impossible to say that when people started believing in signs and numbers because there are many things all of us believe in that can't be proved.At certain times In man's histor y, and even today, everyone believed In certain things that now we regard as superstitions. At that time science was not as much developed as today, so those things and events which wondered and righted people at that time. They started believing In them and became superstitious. For instance, when they went under the trees at night time, they felt uncomfortable breathing.As they didn't know any authentic reason behind this fact so they started beveling that to go under trees at night time Invites the anger of Ghost which makes their breathing uncomfortable in order to harm them. But, today we all know that trees absorb oxygen at night time and the deficiency of oxygen under trees at night makes our breathing uncomfortable Instead of Ghost. Similarly they believed that the shadow or reflection of a person is a part of soul. So, to break those things on which this shadow appeared was regarded as to harm the soul. So they considered it unlucky to break a mirror.Today If someone consid ers it unlucky to break mirror or believes that to go under the trees at night invites the anger of Ghost, we will definitely call him superstitious because today we no longer believe in these kind of â€Å"foolish† reasons which long time ago people believed. So superstition is actually a belief or practice that people cling to after new knowledge or facts have appeared to disprove them. That's why it is impossible to say hen superstitions began. Some Familiar Superstitions: We can find superstitious people almost in every society, every country and In every religion although less in numbers than past.In past people TLD know about sun, stars, moon, and comets etc. So they made up explanations about their motion and followed certain practices to protect themselves from the influence of their motion on life. This is very common even today and become a commercial under the name of â€Å"Horoscope†. If a black cat crosses the way of a person, then that is considered as un lucky for that person. Another superstition which is very common in Europe and America Is â€Å"Friday The 13th†. When a Friday guests are expected.Some people wear stone made rings and believe that when bad luck is ahead , these stones change their color or they break down. Some people wear amulet and believe that this will protect from evil spirits. Some believe that if owls live in a house then that house will be ruined. Many people have their lucky numbers and they believe in them. There are many other superstitions which seem to be Joyful and Joke for us but they change the entire lives of those who believe in them. How to avoid Superstition? Superstitious people live their lives under the influence of unseen forces and fear.They cannot live a normal life. They are extra-careful in their daily life dealings. To keep yourselves away from these kind of feelings and believe Just believe in God Almighty, Who decided the fortune of man before man's birth. So nothing can influ ence your lives. Superstitions are strictly denied in Islam. In any trouble, pay attentions towards Allah Almighty and seek His help. Find the genuine and scientific reasons behind the facts (instead of believing their influence or power as superstitious people do) and enjoy the life.

Earth Science

1. Summarize advances over time in determining the age of the Earth, including the importance of the discovery or radioactivity. Herodotus counted layers of earth near the Nile River in 450 B. C. E. The Bible was used in the Middle Ages to compute the age of the Earth. The 18th and 19th centuries brought a more scientific look into determining the age of the Earth by studying the salinities of the oceans, the rates of sedimentation, and models of cooling of different materials in order to calculate the Earth’s age.In 1862, William Thompson calculated the Earth’s age to be 98 million years and recounted that age to determine that it was actually between 20 and 40 million years old. He used a very thorough method and ended up being wrong on both counts because he was unaware of the existence and effects of radiation. There was another method of aging the Earth utilizing the relative positions of rock layers. Ensuring that unconformities were accounted for, that fossils we re used as benchmarks, and understanding what rocks are older than others, this relative aging helped to develop a geologic time scale.The discovery of radioactivity allowed scientists to understand heat better. The radioactive decay of elements helps scientists calculate the age of an object by using the statistics of large numbers. 2. What makes Earth a habitable, relatively stable environment within which we exist and survive? Review the early development of the solar system, including the Big Bang theory, to support your answer. At the time of the Big Bang, an unimaginable cataclysm released helium and hydrogen. Soon after the Big Bang, energy began converting into matter.Large clouds of this matter began attracting to other particles which formed everything, including our Solar Systems. The beginning of the Solar System started with a cloud of gas, dust, and ice particles. Gravity acted on the cloud, drawing it into itself and reducing its volume. This occurrence would have cau sed the Solar System to shrink and rotate as it was drawn into itself. Due to angular momentum, the spin would have gotten faster and faster over time. Gravity and centripetal force are fighting against each other to maintain celestial bodies in an orbit around the Sun.The 1% of the mass in our Solar System that didn’t get sucked into the Sun is what makes up our planets, asteroids, and moons. The centripetal force acting on the planets aligns them with the Sun’s equator and creates the mostly flat orbit of the Solar System. 3. Alfred Wegener was a polar explorer and visionary. Describe how his early work was viewed with skepticism and how ultimately his theory on continental drift was proven. What kinds of evidence did Wegener rely on to substantiate his continental drift hypotheses (Pangaea)? He was viewed as a meteorologist and not a geologist.With no real geological knowledge, he formulated the continental drift theory was due to tidal pull from the Sun or centrifu gal force. Because scientists of the time couldn’t believe that continents could float through rock as if it were liquid. We now know that due to convection that we see through seismic tomography that the Earth is a kind of liquid on which the lithosphere is floating. His basis was partly due to the edges of the continents fit together as a puzzle. Also, rocks, plants, and animals that were spread across the globe must have started together because a rock didn’t swim to its new location. . Explain how seismic tomography has been used to show what is actually happening on Earth. Include in your answer a discussion of plate tectonics and sea-floor spreading. Like having an MRI of your brain, seismic tomography allows scientists to see the results that sound waves report when they bounce back from colder rock and warmer rock. This report shoes the convection of heat and rock that is occurring inside the Earth. This convection makes its way to the surface of the Earth whic h shifts the plates at the weak points.This moves those plates with sometime violent and dangerous results. The plates â€Å"ride† on more unstable parts of the Earth’s asthenosphere. The subduction zones allow rock to be moved downward as warmer rock moves up. 5. Explain how the laws of thermodynamics determine the motions that result in the formation of mountains and oceans. 1st law: Energy can be moved from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. This allowed for matter to be created from energy which was a preamble to the creation of the Solar System and most of the Universe; including mountains and oceans. nd Law: Energy of an object at the initial state is greater than then energy of that object at any other time; provided no new energy is introduced to the object. This law is the reason the conveyer belt theory works. Rocks on the mountains are washed to sea by water that was evaporated from the oceans to create rain which runs back out to the se a (carrying rock) to the subduction zones that will sink to the core which will heat the rock which will move to the colder area (the surface of the planet) causing a violent movement which pushes plates into each other creating more mountains. Lecture, Michael Wysession, 2008. Earth Science In reading article â€Å"The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century† by Dr. Terry Mortenson, it had some very interesting point of views about the Earth's geology. Dr. Mortenson touched basis on how the geology was debated by different groups, Christian and non Christian scientists and what their beliefs are concerning how the universe was created. Summary This article basically informs the readers of the contents of the old earth geology theory. The debate that Dr.  Mortenson discusses in this article has been around for some time, but many people do not know that it exist. The repercussions of this article is shown throughout this whole debate, basically because the theories does not consider God as the creator of the universe. From the â€Å"new Theories about the History of Creation†, during the 18th century, the French scientists concluded that the earth evolution was the result of a collision between the sun and a comet. D uring the 19 century, the Scriptural Geologist believed in the biblical account of the â€Å"six day creation†.These four Scottish men were of strong Christian faith and Journal Article Review 3 respected character. Because Christianity played a strong role in how and why people believed. This is probably why the old earth theory was in such a great debate. Strengths of the Article Dr. Terry Mortenson explained each of the theories to give a basic understanding of each and how it was created. When describing each one, he gave important characteristics and names of people that was generated through refined research.Each of these theories were explained with definition. Weaknesses of the Article The article's weaknesses are shows that even though there are different earth evolution theories, each one seem to not have a conclusion to fully explain earth's evolution. Conclusion The Bible is the true and only source that can explain the beginning of time in God's theory. Since man was not created â€Å"In the beginning†, he may never be able to have a theory of how time begun. God's evolution of time, space, and living beings will remain mysterious. It may never be reveal. Earth Science 1. Summarize advances over time in determining the age of the Earth, including the importance of the discovery or radioactivity. Herodotus counted layers of earth near the Nile River in 450 B. C. E. The Bible was used in the Middle Ages to compute the age of the Earth. The 18th and 19th centuries brought a more scientific look into determining the age of the Earth by studying the salinities of the oceans, the rates of sedimentation, and models of cooling of different materials in order to calculate the Earth’s age.In 1862, William Thompson calculated the Earth’s age to be 98 million years and recounted that age to determine that it was actually between 20 and 40 million years old. He used a very thorough method and ended up being wrong on both counts because he was unaware of the existence and effects of radiation. There was another method of aging the Earth utilizing the relative positions of rock layers. Ensuring that unconformities were accounted for, that fossils we re used as benchmarks, and understanding what rocks are older than others, this relative aging helped to develop a geologic time scale.The discovery of radioactivity allowed scientists to understand heat better. The radioactive decay of elements helps scientists calculate the age of an object by using the statistics of large numbers. 2. What makes Earth a habitable, relatively stable environment within which we exist and survive? Review the early development of the solar system, including the Big Bang theory, to support your answer. At the time of the Big Bang, an unimaginable cataclysm released helium and hydrogen. Soon after the Big Bang, energy began converting into matter.Large clouds of this matter began attracting to other particles which formed everything, including our Solar Systems. The beginning of the Solar System started with a cloud of gas, dust, and ice particles. Gravity acted on the cloud, drawing it into itself and reducing its volume. This occurrence would have cau sed the Solar System to shrink and rotate as it was drawn into itself. Due to angular momentum, the spin would have gotten faster and faster over time. Gravity and centripetal force are fighting against each other to maintain celestial bodies in an orbit around the Sun.The 1% of the mass in our Solar System that didn’t get sucked into the Sun is what makes up our planets, asteroids, and moons. The centripetal force acting on the planets aligns them with the Sun’s equator and creates the mostly flat orbit of the Solar System. 3. Alfred Wegener was a polar explorer and visionary. Describe how his early work was viewed with skepticism and how ultimately his theory on continental drift was proven. What kinds of evidence did Wegener rely on to substantiate his continental drift hypotheses (Pangaea)? He was viewed as a meteorologist and not a geologist.With no real geological knowledge, he formulated the continental drift theory was due to tidal pull from the Sun or centrifu gal force. Because scientists of the time couldn’t believe that continents could float through rock as if it were liquid. We now know that due to convection that we see through seismic tomography that the Earth is a kind of liquid on which the lithosphere is floating. His basis was partly due to the edges of the continents fit together as a puzzle. Also, rocks, plants, and animals that were spread across the globe must have started together because a rock didn’t swim to its new location. . Explain how seismic tomography has been used to show what is actually happening on Earth. Include in your answer a discussion of plate tectonics and sea-floor spreading. Like having an MRI of your brain, seismic tomography allows scientists to see the results that sound waves report when they bounce back from colder rock and warmer rock. This report shoes the convection of heat and rock that is occurring inside the Earth. This convection makes its way to the surface of the Earth whic h shifts the plates at the weak points.This moves those plates with sometime violent and dangerous results. The plates â€Å"ride† on more unstable parts of the Earth’s asthenosphere. The subduction zones allow rock to be moved downward as warmer rock moves up. 5. Explain how the laws of thermodynamics determine the motions that result in the formation of mountains and oceans. 1st law: Energy can be moved from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. This allowed for matter to be created from energy which was a preamble to the creation of the Solar System and most of the Universe; including mountains and oceans. nd Law: Energy of an object at the initial state is greater than then energy of that object at any other time; provided no new energy is introduced to the object. This law is the reason the conveyer belt theory works. Rocks on the mountains are washed to sea by water that was evaporated from the oceans to create rain which runs back out to the se a (carrying rock) to the subduction zones that will sink to the core which will heat the rock which will move to the colder area (the surface of the planet) causing a violent movement which pushes plates into each other creating more mountains. Lecture, Michael Wysession, 2008.

A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen Essay -- Henrik Ibsen, A Dolls House

Nora Helmer keeps a big secret from her husband, Torvald and she fears what will happen if he ever finds out. She secretly borrows a large amount of money from Nils Krogstad, a fellow employee of her husband at the bank. This money is borrowed to help her husband recover from a serious illness. Nora never tells Torvald of the loan and pays it back in small installments with her household allowance. Torvald is appointed bank director and the first thing he wants to do is fire a man who once forged a signature on a document. This man is Nils Krogstad. It is later revealed that Nora also committed the same crime Krogstad has committed. Nora forged her father’s signature in order to get the money. Krogstad threatens to reveal Nora’s secret if her husband fires him from his job. Nora truly tries to convince her husband to not have Krogstad fired, but ault that Nora leaves him, but in reality it is neither of them, it is society. Truly, Torvald is weak and tries to take on a role that society is telling him to grasp on. He has to be dominant towards his wife and he has to be the â€Å"controller†. It took time for Nora to transform into a new person, but after she did, she became a person who could not stand to be a â€Å"doll† any longer. A doll must do whatever the controller wants them to do. Dolls are silent, do not express opinion and do not accomplish much without the controller. Nora was this doll and realized she no longer wanted to take part in this role. Torvald and Nora become victims of social pressures that define the perfect man and the perfect women not because of everything that went wrong in their relationship, but because Nora realizes she no longer wants to play â€Å"doll† with her husband, the â€Å"controller†.