Descriptive Essay: Grandpas Place -- Descriptive Essays, Observation

Grandpas Place I know to take one last breath of fresh, clean air before I open the introductory screen door and then the faded, chipped white wood door. I walk in, and the blend of the aroma of apples and old people suffocates me. As I walk in, the aforesaid(prenominal) two-year old cat food is right where it has been for the last six months in front of the front door on the cold faded tile floor. The cat disappeared four months ago, nevertheless I guess there is still hope that he will come back one day. I get the sliding wooden door to enter the front living room and see some bird feed on the floor that must flip been spilled the previous week along with a stack of news papers.This single story brick house was purchased by my Grandma and Grandpa twenty years ago. invariably since, the house has been filled with nothing but love and laughter. Behind the house, there are five or six tall, skinny trees that have died from disease but havent fallen to the grass covere d ground. Near the loose clothes line in the back yard, there are four rose bushes that need water. drained daises and pansies from the previous summer are the main attraction in the front yard along with a five foot high metal wind generator stuck in the middle of a flower garden that needs grease. The two car garage houses a huge 78 black Buick. The ol Buick hasnt been driven in a while, but my Grandpa claims that it is still in top shape. I guess my Grandpa just keeps it around to remind him of my Grandma. Next to it is a green tin can Deere tractor with a ripped black seat that has a flat left rear tire, but my Grandpa claims, It still runs like a champ. Next to it is the push lawnmower. forward I open the door, I can hear the Bronco game being televised on my Grandpas 36... ...the same story ab verboten so and so and how their daughters husbands brother did this and that. All this time, I just sit there and watch my Grandpa be happy telling me this story while he mu sh stuff out of his mouth and onto his already stained clothes. Eventually, we finish our dinner, and I clean up the kitchen.I get all of my stuff together, make a final check that everything is good to go, and sit on a kitchen chair. My Grandpa asks sadly if it is time to go, and I say, Yeah, with a quivering voice. So, I get up, give my Grandpa a hug and head out the door.I hate leaving this place more than anything. I hate leaving my Grandpa in that house by himself. I push open the front door and breathe in the fresh night air. As I pull out of the narrow leaf covered driveway, I look back to see my Grandpa waving at me through the dirty storm glass windows.

The Character of George in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay

Of Mice and men character essay George Character GeorgeGeorge, a character in Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck was small and quick, benighted of face, with restless eyes and sharp, unassailable features. Every part of him was defined small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose. (Steinbeck, Pg.2) George was Caucasian and it looked as if he had stepped turn out of an old movie cont aining drifters, die known as migrant maneuverers. Although physically George was very small, he had complete control over his companion Lennie, the way a generativeher controls a son.George non only controlled Lennie but he also looked out for him and he wanted him to be happy. An example of this is how he constantly reminds Lennie of their dream, to work on their own farm, much like the dreams of other migrant workers. Sure, wed have a little house an a room to ourself, little fat iron stove an in the winter wed keep a fire goin in it. It aint enough land so wed have to work too h ard. Maybe six, seven hours a day. An when we put in a crop, why, wed be there to take the crop up. Wed know what come of our planting. (Pg. 58) George had taken care of Lennie, every step of the way, just like his Aunt Clara told him to. He aint much of a talker, is he? No he aint but sure is a hell of a good worker.(Pg. 21-22) George even went as far as lecture for Lennie to get him a meditate at the ranch, something not many workers would have done for eachother. Even though George acted like ... The Character of George in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men EssayOf Mice and Men character essay George Character GeorgeGeorge, a character in Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck was small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features. Every part of him was defined small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose. (Steinbeck, Pg.2) George was Caucasian and it looked as if he had stepped out of an old movie containing drifters, better know n as migrant workers. Although physically George was very small, he had complete control over his companion Lennie, the way a father controls a son.George not only controlled Lennie but he also looked out for him and he wanted him to be happy. An example of this is how he constantly reminds Lennie of their dream, to work on their own farm, much like the dreams of other migrant workers. Sure, wed have a little house an a room to ourself, little fat iron stove an in the winter wed keep a fire goin in it. It aint enough land so wed have to work too hard. Maybe six, seven hours a day. An when we put in a crop, why, wed be there to take the crop up. Wed know what come of our planting. (Pg. 58) George had taken care of Lennie, every step of the way, just like his Aunt Clara told him to. He aint much of a talker, is he? No he aint but sure is a hell of a good worker.(Pg. 21-22) George even went as far as talking for Lennie to get him a job at the ranch, something not many workers would hav e done for eachother. Even though George acted like ...

The Ethics for Internal Auditors in Communicating Inappropriate Financi

Ethical dilemmas occur every day in the method of accounting industry. We have witnessed scandals such as Adelphia, Enron, and WorldCom. They demonstrate the extent of unethical practices. The universe of Sarbanes Oxley Act and stricter accounting standards have definitely financial aided mitigate unethical acts. Unfortunately, the incorporation of these systems is not sufficient to accomplish ethical melodic phrase practices. Businesses use internal auditors to help protect their financial reputation. An internal auditors role is to assure the organizations operations are conducted systematically, properly controlled, and with discipline (The Institute of natural Auditors Research Foundation 3). The versed Auditor position was created, as a result of a rapidly growing American economy, in the mid xx century. The developing American economy, also known as the golden years, included inappropriate business practice. These practices included, but not limited to, stock manipulati ons and false business statements. Maintaining an ethical position will avoid the breakdown of organizational progress and the opportunity to correct inappropriate accounting procedures. As the need for proper accounting increased, the demand for internal auditors took place. An internal auditor will review and assure the quality of cash disbursements, cash receipts, corporate governance, ethics, financial reporting controls, fixed assets, encounter management, sales, and stock controls within an organization (J.L. Vergaert). It is important for the auditors to abide by and ensure the company follows the accounting policies and standards via proper communication and suggestion for correction of any hapless process found while performing their functions.In addition t... ...hip Styles and the Moral Choice of Internal auditors. Volume 15, No 1, 2010Jean-Louis Vergaert, Sarbanes-Oxley and Internal Audit. 2002 Jubb, P. B. International Journal of Auditing. Auditors as Whist leblowers Volume 4 153-167 DOI 10.1111/1099-1123.00310. Date 2000. PrintReporting and Relationships Case Study Internal A. Anti Essays. 30 May. 2012 Rittenberg, Larry Wayne Moore, Mark Covaleski. The Outsourcing Phenomenon. Institute of Internal Auditors, Inc. High Beam, 1999.Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS 112)The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Internal Audit Reporting Relationships Serving Two Masters. ISBN 978-0-89413-669-6 printer The IIA Research Foundation. Publish Date 2003. Print

Virginia Scharffs Femininity and the Electric Car :: Technology Automobiles Essays

Virginia Scharffs Femininity and the voltaic Car In Femininity and the Electric Car, Virginia Scharff examines the electric car car, its history, and the targeted customers at which it was aimed.Five hundred electric cars were produced by the Pope Manufacturing Company in 1897. agree to Scharff, this was after Colonel Albert A. Pope, the president of that company, decided not to press on noisy or smelly gasoline-powered cars, but instead, on overbold, quiet electric vehicles. (Femininity and the Electric Car p.75) The Pope Manufacturing Company clearly targeted women as customers. This is discernable in their advertising strategy. For example, Scharff says, As Pope suggested in a 1903 advertisement for the Pope-Waverly electric model electricswill appeal to anyone interested in an abruptly noiseless, odorless, clean and stylish rig that is always ready and that, mile for mile, can be operated at less cost than any other type of go car. Lest this pith escape those it was inte nded to attract, the text accompanied a picture of a delighted woman haler piloting a a uniform distaff passenger. (p.75) With such blatant advertising can be clearly seen that the electric car was targeted at women. Later advertisements which were also directed at women contained puritanic language. According to Scharff, this separate spheres ideology vastly oversimplified both human relations and social forces. Scharff then gave an example of a man who is stereotypically rugged seeking entertain from the pelting and of women who are stereotypically soft-spoken yelling at their children to illustrate this oversimplification.The main reasons why electric cars were targeted at women was basically because of the misconception that women lacked the ability to engage well and should drive slower, safer cars instead than faster, more powerful gasoline-powered cars. It was also assumed that women should just use a car as a means of transportation for chores and other errands that w ere associated with nobble distances, so that the electric cars lack of range wouldnt bother women. Perhaps husbands liked the restricted range that their wives would have because maybe they didnt swear them enough to go on longer trips. In this manner of using the electric car nearly exclusively for chores, the technology seemed more autocratic to women preferably than liberating.In addition to a limited range, Scharff mentions a number of other disadvantages that the electric car had. It was more expensive than a gasoline-powered car. It was difficult to drive on bumpy roads and was unable to climb steep hills.Virginia Scharffs Femininity and the Electric Car Technology Automobiles EssaysVirginia Scharffs Femininity and the Electric Car In Femininity and the Electric Car, Virginia Scharff examines the electric car, its history, and the targeted customers at which it was aimed.Five hundred electric cars were produced by the Pope Manufacturing Company in 1897. According to Sc harff, this was after Colonel Albert A. Pope, the president of that company, decided not to concentrate on noisy or smelly gasoline-powered cars, but instead, on clean, quiet electric vehicles. (Femininity and the Electric Car p.75) The Pope Manufacturing Company clearly targeted women as customers. This is evident in their advertising strategy. For example, Scharff says, As Pope suggested in a 1903 advertisement for the Pope-Waverly electric model electricswill appeal to anyone interested in an absolutely noiseless, odorless, clean and stylish rig that is always ready and that, mile for mile, can be operated at less cost than any other type of motor car. Lest this message escape those it was intended to attract, the text accompanied a picture of a delighted woman driver piloting a a similar female passenger. (p.75) With such blatant advertising can be clearly seen that the electric car was targeted at women. Later advertisements which were also directed at women contained Victorian language. According to Scharff, this separate spheres ideology vastly oversimplified both human relations and social forces. Scharff then gave an example of a man who is stereotypically rugged seeking shelter from the rain and of women who are stereotypically soft-spoken yelling at their children to illustrate this oversimplification.The main reasons why electric cars were targeted at women was basically because of the misconception that women lacked the ability to drive well and should drive slower, safer cars rather than faster, more powerful gasoline-powered cars. It was also assumed that women should just use a car as a means of transportation for chores and other errands that were associated with short distances, so that the electric cars lack of range wouldnt bother women. Perhaps husbands liked the restricted range that their wives would have because maybe they didnt trust them enough to go on longer trips. In this manner of using the electric car nearly exclusively for chor es, the technology seemed more oppressive to women rather than liberating.In addition to a limited range, Scharff mentions a number of other disadvantages that the electric car had. It was more expensive than a gasoline-powered car. It was difficult to drive on bumpy roads and was unable to climb steep hills.

The Cuban Missile Crisis :: American America History

The Cuban Missile CrisisThe world was at the edge of a third world war. This was the result of a variety of things the Cuban Revolution, the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, US anti-communism, insecurity of the Soviet Union, and Cubas fear of invasion all make causes for war. However, war was not the result due to great cooperation from both President Kennedy and President Khrushchev and each of the decisions do by the leaders was crucial in the yield of The Crisis. Kennedys choice to take action by means of quarantine instead of air-strike and Khrushchevs decision to abide by the quarantines were perhaps the two most significant decisions made by the leaders in order to prevent war. The Cuban Missile Crisis showed the world that compromising and discussion can in-fact prevent war. As Khrushchev said in 1962, They talk about who won and who lost. Human reason won. Mankind won. 1 The world had almost seen another world war, the effects of which would have been devastating becaus e of the weapons involved. Humanity, indeed, was the taproom of the war. The Cuban Revolution was a background cause to the crisis. On January 1st, 1959 a Marxist regime in Cuba would have seemed unlikely. To the communist party in Cuba, Fidel Castro appeared tempestuous, unequivocal and stubbornly bourgeois. In 1943 President Batista appointed a communist to his Cabinet, as he used communists as leaders of the labor unions. Batista started to fail the Cuban communists and their loyalties transferred gradually to Castro, completely by 1958. On December 1st, 1961 Castro declared himself a Marxist and claimed he had always been a revolutionary, studying Das Kapital of Karl Marx. Most Cubans idolized Castro, back up his government and at least accepted his measures.2 He claimed to have a desire to help the poor and said he would have found it unaccepted to follow the dictates of a single philosophy. His first action in power was to reduce all rents on the island, making the land o wners, many of who were American, unhappy. In 1960 Castro was swiftly pushing Cuba to the left, and as a result many Cubans left, along with the American investors. There was so much opposition to Castros developments that he created a Committee for defense reaction of the Revolution out of fear of invasion from the US, internal guerrilla uprisings, and black marketing counterrevolutionary activity.

Free-Will Defense Essay -- essays research papers

Free-Will DefenseThe Free Will Defense is an attempted solution to the problem of moral evil. Human beings are enable with free allow by God as a condition for genuine morality, trust, love, and the like, though it also makes possible the introduction of moral evil into the world. in that location are various questions that are asked with the question of God. Many ask questions like- why did God give humans the ability of free will knowing that they will abuse it? Is free will a condition for real humanhood? Could God have made us free and unable to sin? These questions that are a great deal asked are left unanswered. People believe all contrary things. In the Bible, the first humans made were crack and eve, and God gave them free will. Adam and Eve abused their free will, so sin made its way into the world. Everyone after Adam and Eve has inherited the effects of the Fall, including a loss of free will. At least with the first human beings free will was a condition of real h uman good, though it also meant the possibility of sin. Leaving the question of Adam and Eves fall and its consequences for their descendants, this view is basically what is currently called the Free-Will Defense.An American Philosopher Alvin Platinga also believes in the idea. He says how there may be a different kind of good that God cannot bring to us without permitting evil. If there is no evil, then how can good be deter...

Drama and Theatre Studies structured records

Use of space explored the broad topic of social and professional satis particularion and happiness. In order to spotlight the universal implications of our piece, we unyielding that it was infallible to subroutine diverse computer addresss allowing the listening to identify with aspects of all(prenominal) personas issues. Initially, we brainstormed several(prenominal)(prenominal) incompatible problems that could affect an individuals happiness in the work place, and came up with the fundamentals for five eccentric persons. The schoolmaster basis of my character came from my own anxieties towards life.During throw by mental act we were contemplating university choices and starting to ar melt down our lives after college. As a convocation we all matte up anxious and some(prenominal) tangle a lack of direction. This insecurity we felt towards leaving the secondary education system, light-emitting diode to the creation of Pamela (the character I played. ) After discussin g Pamelas initial characteristics, foc using on her feelings of anxiety and confusion we had to make up cardinals mind her plot. Her lack of control and direction take us to create her objective to accomplish a secure role in the work place to solve her anxieties.After creating the fundamentals of apiece character we discussed as a sort their characterisation. The role of Pamela primarily emerged done a series of role-plays. Firstly, I performed as her character in different situations allowing me to develop her personality. The remaining members contributed as supporting characters in the role play and frequently suggested ways to make up her. I feel that my understanding of Pamelas persona emerged during the staging of her box soliloquy. through and through this monologue we hoped to communicate to the earr severally Pamelas feelings of anxiety and confusion towards her professional future.As a assort we felt the just about effective way to portray this was through th e use of physical theatre, thence, the remaining members of the free radical adopted the role of a maze in which Pamela was metaphorically trapped. During the staging of this sequence I had to deliver my monologue whilst struggling through a figurative maze. As a performer I was sensitive to my characters claustrophobic feelings allowing me to successfully communicate her anxieties to the sense of hearing. passim the staging of this monologue the remaining root word members concentrated on the performing space I was given.Although it was spoil for me to be contained to a substantive small performing argona, it allowed me to sympathise with my characters feelings of confinement and eventually solvinged in a very successful portrayal of Pamela. During contrive our characters, we were cognisant that severally individual had to adopt a dream persona in the dream blastoffs. We hoped to communicate to the audience contrasting characteristics in these personas, to highligh t their desire to escape the licking they feel towards echtness. Whilst creating the character Angelas fantasy persona we dissectd the creation Angela.Angela sees boredom towards her matted life. Through her character we hoped to communicate to the audience the necessity of having hobbies and dreams. The fantasy Angela emerged through the improvisation of a Latin American soap opera. We created the vivacious and dramatic character Maria who starkly contrasted Angela. As a group we agreed that the consummation of Maria should be melodramatic and exaggerated to further contrast Angelas tedious realism. It was important to introduce a character for Maria to interact with to inject more energy into the scene.Through discussion we colonised with a clichi love story and stubborn to introduce a male character who Maria is having an affair with. It was essential for this scene to keep intense energy levels to contrast with the previous function scene. Firstly, we searched make upative novelette characters to influences our roles. I suggested that the group members in this scene (Helia and Payam) should highlight the sexual attraction amid the characters. Initially this provoked awkwardness between Payam and Helia thus, we felt it was necessary to introduce an activity to make the dickens more comfort suitable with each other.We absorb several team building exercises to make Helia and Payam more physically comfortable with integrity a nonher the most successful was the leading the blind exercise. Through this exercise the participants were forced to be more sensitive towards each other, in partners one partner was chosen to lead the other blindly by the tip of the nose. Through never-ending contact and reliance this was very successful in making Payam and Helia more at ease. Similarly, it helped to distance the novella character to the actor. Through exaggerated animalism and melodramatic acting techniques the actor was dissociated with t he character.Costumes successfully contributed to the portrayal of my character in the murder mystery fantasy. I played a stereotypical, stock list police detective character in the beginning based on the Agatha Christie character Hercule Poirot. Initially I struggled to effectively portray this character because it was much(prenominal) a contrasting role to my reality. Physicality was a very important aspect of this character because of the desired effect we hoped to achieve. We had chosen to use melodrama and clichid anecdotes, therefore, it was important that the audience drew parallels between my character and Poirot for comedic effect.Through further unaffiliated look I discovered Poirots defining feature was a French trench coat, and I pertinacious to rehearse wearing this item. Surprisingly, the trench coat allowed me to pertain with Poirots physicality and personality, through wearing the coat my characterisation improved and allowed me to successfully perform as a r esponse to Poirot. How the group planned for a range of responses from the audience. Initially we intended to present a heartrending production high spot the importance of life pleasure parodied through working life, based in an office.However, during the initial devising st develops we decided to introduce fantasy scenes to contrast the monotonous office scenes and highlight the significance of dreams and ambition. As a group we showed interest towards comedic literary genres and felt that these would juxtapose the natural and static temperament of the office scenes. However, although some(prenominal) of our fantasy scenes were intended for humorous effect a few were interpreted by the audience as humorous without intent. Fortunately, we decided to perform a dress description to a mock audience to gain an understanding of the successful aspects of humour the results were unexpected.Through devising the soundless movie fantasy scene, we were expecting humorous results overd ue to the slapstick nature of the comedy, however, we had to take into account the clichi and overexposed format of the close movie. As a group we discussed the possibility night that the audience would not contradict well to this scene due to the lack of schoolmasterity. Throughout touristy culture for the past fifty years in roughly opinions this genre has been exhausted, therefore we had to be prep ard for an underwhelming reaction towards this occurrence scene.In order for the humorous response to be successful we decided that the content of our silent movie had to be obviously inspired by original content. As a group we decided that we were not personnel casualty to aim to be original in this scene but aimed to create a polished and skilful tribute to silent subscribes. It was important for us to consider different attitudes towards comedic genres. In particular silent films and slapstick comedy often generate various opinions. Through discussion we discovered that in our group of five alone there were several different opinions regarding slapstick comedy.Personally, I contributed an annoyance towards the genre explaining that I found it tedious, patronising and often crude. However, contrastingly, Payam presented his enthusiasm towards slapstick comedy and defended his fondness towards slapstick comedians such as Lee Evans and Charlie Chaplin. Therefore we were ab initio prepared for an audience varied responses to the slapstick moments throughout our piece. This discussion led us to consider our target audience. imputable to the content of our play we discussed that it transcended a fixed target audience, any age group could respond to the implications and the messages we were hoping to portray.However, because of the universality of our play we discussed different attitudes towards aspects of the play. Firstly, we evaluated that a younger audience would react better towards the humorous aspects especially ages between 12 and 19, therefore we decided to target the humour to this age group. We initially decided to do this by exaggerating our humorous stereotypes and characters physicality to the extreme. However, during a viewed rehearsal run it became apparent that our characterisations needed to be exaggerated, especially in our silent movie scene.Through discussion we came to the culture that older audience members would react well to the stereotypes used in out murder mystery fantasy. In particular the detective stereotype took aspiration from the assumed character Poirot. Generationally, we were aware that a younger audience member would be alienated by the introduction of this stock character because they would not be able to identify with the original. The characterisation of the detective alike played a large reliance on the audience members, creating a pantomime like effect.Whilst playing the detective character I often made eye contact with the audience and projected jokes to them, therefore their reactions were very important at these stages. We used lighting to gain more audience reaction during this scene by up lighting the audience subtly allowing the performers to see their reactions and in turn play off their reactions to the humour. During the novella fantasy scene, melodrama was employed. An argument between Carlos and Maria the Latin American characters led to Maria slapping Carlos around the face.This prompted a shocked reaction amongst the audience because they were not expecting it. embarrassing reactions from the audience- racist generalising Latin American, stereotyping French maids, stereotyping in general we had to be sensitive towards the audience whilst approaching these scenes. Explore the impact of social, cultural and/or historical conditions on your devised piece. Vicki Marks. Our devised piece Use of Space is socially and culturally influenced by traditional conventions of popular culture.Foremost, we decided to exploit the familiarity of these conventions to h ighlight social perils. Most poignantly we decided to highlight the implications of a female in the workplace and gossip on the fact that women still earn substantially less from their employment than men. We chose to emphasize this by going against traditional clichis. Primarily, the character of Nicky symbolised an ambitious business women hoping to succeed in the workplace. To highlight her characters struggle to be successful we altered the traditional female clichi.We felt that typical stereotypes of women came from gallant genres furthermore the clichid format was a damsel in distress existence rescued by her knight in shining armour. For this social comment to be accessible to the audience we simply chose to invert the roles of the typical damsel in distress and knight in shining armour. This resulted in highlighting the fact that women are capable of metaphorically rescuing themselves, in turn reaching success without help, showing the capability of women and hopefully pr omoting sexual equality in the workplace.Additionally, through our research into the presentation of women in conventional medieval drama, we learnt the historical relevance of female roles. In a traditional damsel in distress story women are patronised and demeaned. To emphasise the inequality between the sexes we chose to use contrasting levels. For example we chose to place the damsel on higher levels than the knight this allowed the damsel to take a more commanding role. However, throughout we made constant references to the traditional format through humour, by showing the characters awareness of the reversed roles.I feel that this was very effective because we were culturally aware that a modern day audience would be aware of the clichi allowing it to become humorous in itself. Whilst devising another characters fantasies we settled on the concept of a traditional Latin American soap opera. We chose to use this format to contrast the tedious nature of the characters work life. This topic initially was influenced by the popular television series Ugly Betty showing clips of traditional Latin American soap operas or novellas.This genre was peculiarly useful because of the melodramatic acting techniques used, to give this scene authenticity we chose to have the characters speak a few words or phrases in Spanish and maintained a Spanish accent throughout. Surprisingly, the use of accents and clichid Spanish phrases created a comedic effect, the audience reacted well to this humour. To further the humorous effect we exaggerated the Spanish personalities getting inspiration from the Mexican cartoon character Speedy Gonzales which allegedly depicts a stereotypical Mexican.Through popular culture we were aware of many of the love clichis also apparent through this scene, in particular the over poetic declaration of love using the analogy of the fake red rose. Initially, we cherished to explore the format of a silent film in order to highlight the importance of communication, but were anxious to use such a challenging convention on stage and were worried that the audience would become confused. However through research we were able to adopt this style very successfully. Silent movies were made before technical advances allowed an audience to view a film with both images and sound.We requireed to make our silent scene as authentic as possible therefore through our research into silent movies we observe the projection speed and decided to significantly slow the scene down some scenes were intentionally slowed down further in order to accelerate the action, particularly in the case of the slapstick moments. One of the main messages of our production was the importance of task satisfaction. There have been many recent surveys and articles surrounding job prospects and the summation of people dissatisfied in their current job placements.We therefore decided to show a group of characters that want to break free from the confinements of an unsatisfying job to highlight the importance of passion and dreams. We feel as young adults embarking on our working lives and starting to make important decisions that will shape our futures, it is very germane(predicate) that we have shown our anxieties towards working life. Work related stress is also socially rife especially in western culture therefore through one of our characters we showed the importance of maintaining hobbies outside of a job to hopefully indicate that money is not the most important thing.Use of Space is an escapist piece the fantasies represent each character hoping to escape the constraints of their tedious, impassionate lives. Dream worlds are a commonly used plot device in fictional works, most notably in science fiction and fantasy fiction. The use of a dream world creates a situation whereby a character (or group of characters) is placed in a marvelous and unpredictable environment and must overcome several personal problems to leave it.The dream world also commonly serves to teach some incorrupt or religious lessons to the character experiencing it a lesson that the other characters will be unaware of, but one that will influence decisions made regarding them. When the character is reintroduced into the real world (usually when they wake up), the question arises as to what exactly constitutes reality due to the vivid recollection and cognizes of the dream world. How acting techniques or design elements and the use of dramatic form were consciously employed to achieve intended effect. The dramatic form of use of space was inspired by abstract theatre.Our devised piece does not follow a typical chronological time sequence it has a warped sense of time due to our introduction of fantasy scenes. Dreams allow the repressed parts of the mind to be satisfied through fantasy and let the mind express things that would normally be suppressed in the waking world. Dreams may also offer a view at how future events might proceed this i s similar to running future events through the mind, for instance a work presentation or a job interview. As a group we identified dreams as an interaction between the unconscious and the conscious.Therefore we wanted to highlight the contrast between reality and fantasy. To begin with we discussed using contrasting lighting effects to show an obvious transaction between reality and fantasy. To express the abstract, fantasy scenes we felt the audience would react well to pink colour fill lighting. This was successful because, the unnatural pink lighting allowed the audience to be aware of the abstract format of the scene. We also relied on the audiences familiarity with clichi dream scenes shown in popular culture. Dream worlds are a commonly used plot device in fictional works, most notably in science fiction and fantasy fiction.Lighting is often used similarly when representing a dream, often flashing lighting is used and mists to show the audience the unreality. As a group we too k this into account and decided to use soft lighting throughout the fantasy scenes by using a flood effect to fill the upstanding stage. Flash lighting was also used subtly during the transaction from a reality scene to a fantasy scene. We decided as a group to only use subtle flash lighting during the transition because we did not want to re lay down the clichi formats of a dream sequence, we felt that this would undermine the intended serious messages we were trying to relay to the audience.Firstly each fantasy scene is triggered by an action and a simple freeze frame to link the office reality to the dreams. This use of gestus was an acting technique developed by Bertolt Brecht which reflects the characters emotional conflict through a brief frozen action. Gestus was employed during the transaction from my characters monologue to her fantasy scene. As a group we discussed our desired effect of the gestus and decided to show an obvious link between the characters emotional confli ct and the freeze frame, for the audiences handiness.We therefore decided to each come up with a simple freeze frame highlighting the principal emotions of my character, due to the lack of direction my character was feeling we chose to physically interpret the emotion confusion. Coincidentally, each member of the group similarly replicated a curled up freeze frame with their hands clasping their heads. As a group we decided that this composition showed the audience the characters basic feelings of confusion. Sound plays a big part in our production. Our opening scene begins with a metronome to highlight the artificial nature of the office scene and the rhythm of a monotonous life.We decided to open with a metronome to cause a feeling of anticipation through the audience the tick rhythm exaggerates and builds tension therefore immediately engaging with the audience before the action begins. The metronome rhythm also acted as a beat to keep our opening routine in time. The beat and the routine showed the audience the typical rhythm of an unsatisfying job. Due to the intimacy of our staged environment we decided not to use microphones because we wanted the sound to be raw and natural even in the fantasy scenes to accentuate the fine line between dreams and reality.This also made the audience feel close to the actors and therefore able to relate to the performers more easily. However to contrast this effect we chose to show all costume changed on stage employing the popular Brechtian technique Verfremdungseffekt through using this we hoped to communicate that the audiences reality was, in fact a construction. During the silent movie scene we used clichi silent movie music. We wanted to stay authentic to a conventional silent film therefore we had a pianist. This music contributed to the atmosphere and gave the audience vital emotional cues.Silence is also an important tool in our production because it is in contrast to the loud interludes of music for example in the silent movie fantasy. Silence was often used after intense sections of communion or monologue. For example during my characters monologue the volume levels of my voice were used to create intensity building up to a climax. The placidity during my characters gestus freeze frame is poignant because when the sound is taken away the audience begins to focus more on the movement and the emotion of the character, the silence intrigued them.There are many different characters and settings in our play therefore we decided that our set should remain very neutral. We designed our set in a deliberately equivocal way, so we could move easily between fantasy and office scenes. We decided that altering the layout of the stage and the set between each scene would prove thundering and would distract the audiences attention. We were however very aware that a permanent set would become boring and the audience would lose interest, nevertheless we decided through rehearsals and a practice produ ction that the intensity of the action made up for the lack of set changes.We used two black oblong boxes as the fundamentals of each scene, occasionally changing the positioning of them to create a different atmosphere. We chose not to have a specific setting contributing to the representation of free-flowing images within the characters mind. However, we decided to introduce an element of decaying society preoccupied by work ambitions and promotions through the use of broken computer monitors, keyboards, mice, and disks positioned around the stage. This gave the stage an overall look of sloppiness and immediately introduced the audience to the conflict within the characters in the production.How research material was gathered and used within the process. Vicki Marks To begin the devising process our group was presented with five restates that took inspiration from different aspects of life, this supplied us with an excellent starting point for developing a challenging piece of theatre, however our initial responses to the stimuli shaped our archeozoic work and many aspects were later changed as the piece matured. Firstly each member of the group decided separately which quote inspired them and worked towards abstractly analyse the meaning of these quotes.As a group we were drawn towards the quote fear is a dark room where negatives are developed. We felt that this quote gave us decorous scope to produce a brainstorm surrounding the analysis of it. After analysing the quote through a brainstorm we decided to focus on the idea of fear. These fear aspects of the quote lead our group to research and gain an interest surrounding common phobias. As an initial response to phobias we decided to explore phobias that confine and overcome everyday life.As a group we were interested in the psychological effects of irrational fears, through discussion, we realised one of our members arachnophobia and decided to research real life stories showing the influences of phobias. We began to gain an understanding of the psychological effects of living with an irrational fear, this allowed us to contemplate the way a person living with a phobia views the world. This topic particularly appealed to our group because three of the members were studying a course in psychology and took a specific interest in phobias.Through research we were drawn to highlighting different perceptions of the world, this is initially why we decided to show a dream or fantasy of each character. I was currently studying Margret Atwoods dystopian novel A Handmaids Tale. And inferred parallels between dystopian societies and living with a life altering phobia. As a group this led us to discuss the concepts of normality and initially directed us to create a dystopian society to base our phobic characters in.However, we felt that through creating a dystopian society we were overcomplicating the piece and decided in order to create an accessible message we would have to simplify the plot. Many of our responses to the quote were detached and neutral therefore we decided to take a more personal approach to the analysing the quote. We wanted to create a more abstract approach to analysing, consequently, rather than cogitate we played a word association game. Our earlier research indicated to us the potential of exploring fear for that reason we opened by associating responses to the word fear.This resulted in a discussion of our apprehension and anxiety towards our futures, each member of the group was in the process of applying to university and planning the next step of their lives. It was important for us to follow our dreams and mistakes in choices at this stage worried us and we were sensitive to the idea of be stuck doing something we were not passionate about. This discussion allowed us to infer parallels between our fears towards losing our passion and job satisfaction in the work place. This led us to create a work place scenario, highlighting diff erent characters problems with the way their lives have transpired.Although we had created an initial scenario we had to decide how to highlight the importance of job satisfaction and dreams. This is where our ideas surrounding an exploration of dreams and fantasies linked in with our running idea. How group skills contributed to the development of the drama. Vicki Marks As an ensemble, we had many different approaches to the production of our devised piece. Firstly, after the initial discussions of the basic structure of use of space we decided that each member should separately prepare an initial suggestion for a fantasy scene.Subsequently as an ensemble we modified each members idea to fit the characters objectives incorporating each group members requirements. Two of the four fantasy scenes required only two characters, therefore allowing the two remaining members to direct. This particularly put pressure on the team and initially certain members of the group did not respond we ll to being directed, however, we had to be flexible whilst blocking a scene and be open to criticism and changes.Considering the ensemble approach to devising we wanted each member to experience directing each scene, this also allowed us to incorporate more than one members objective for a particular scene. Therefore, we often resorted to switching roles mid scene to give notice the way each member would perform certain characters and situations. I feel that this successfully allowed us to create two dimensional characters and by including aspects of everyones ideas created an overall satisfaction towards each scene. Each member of the group had a monologue allowing the audience to understand each individual characters state of mind.The preparation of a monologue is often very personal, initially, Helia and I scripted each monologue, but we worked as a group throughout the blocking and performing, however, this proved surd. Due to the individual approaches of a monologue, picking s control of scripting them was ineffective. This approach resulted in confusion and the monologues were less emotionally effective, because members struggled to connect with them on a personal level. Therefore, firstly, we each took our monologues separately and worked on the content through closely analysing our characters objectives and intentions.After we were happy with the essential content of our monologues we worked as a group to develop them. Group timing was essential during the silent movie fantasy, due to a lack of dialogue the scene required carefully choreographed action, which required the group to work carefully in relation to one another. At one stage of this scene, Helia was required to jump on Payams back and knocked to the ground. In order to prevent any injuries we applied a partnering system, involving a free member of the group arseing Helia, providing support during the initial stages of rehearsals.During the later stages of devising the murder mystery scene we became uninspired with the outcome An evaluation of the ways in which ideas were communicated to the audience. Vicki Marks Throughout the devising process we focused predominantly on comedic genres, to allow the audience to access the central messages through humour. Although we were aware of the comedic value of each scene it was difficult to predict the audiences reactions, therefore we decided to perform it to a small audience during our rehearsal to evaluate which areas of humour were successful and which were less effective.Consequently, we realised that many of the melodramatic fantasies such as the silent movie were physically being underplayed resulting in a misrepresentation of our desired style. This resulted in a member of our group to employ a technique that we had used on a physical theatre work shop. Performing our characters physicality on levels from one to ten, ten being the most physically expressive allowed us to evaluate which level of physicality was succes sful. As a group we decided that the audience reacted best towards the silent movie scene when we employed a physicality level of ten.Due to lack of dialogue, physicality and behavior allowed the audience to follow the storyline whilst also creating humour. As a result of working with a limited number of actors it was necessary to multi-role however, through multi-rolling it is often easy to confuse an audience. We therefore decided to employ the Brechtian technique of changing our signifying costumes on stage. This allowed the audience to understand the style of our piece, and the abstract nature of the fantasy scenes.We also decided to place each change of costume on stage from the opening scene to intrigue the audience and allow them to become more involved in the action. We also had to take into account the wide range of characters we used. For example in one fantasy scene Payam took on the role of a Spanish soap character and during the next fantasy scene his character changed to a medieval knight. As a group we realised that a change of costume would not be sufficient to demonstrate to the audience a change in character, therefore we had to ensure that each actor varied their physicality according the role they were playing.As a group we consciously casted many of the characters as stock characters and stereotypes, allowing us to successfully communicate to the audience a significant change in role. Naturalistically it was difficult to vary each members character therefore by using melodramatic genres we were able to separate each members character. Originally, we intended to highlight the importance of job satisfaction through juxtaposing the office scenes with the fantasy scenes. We hoped to communicate to the audience the monotonous routine of being unsatisfied in a job.In order to convey this to an audience we decided to use opposing theatrical styles for the fantasy and office scenes. We decided on a naturalistic approach for the office scenes to h ighlight the dissatisfaction of the characters, similarly we decided to use abstract and melodramatic genres for the fantasy scenes to show the positivity. The accessibility of the humour in our piece relied on the audiences knowledge of the common clichis we drew inspiration from. I feel we did not fully take into account the age range of our audience and miscalculated the universality of the clichis.After discussing with our audience their reactions towards our piece many of the younger members did not understand the humorous aspects on every level. For example in our murder mystery fantasy we took inspiration from the popular detective character Poirot, however many of the younger To open our piece we decided to have each character on stage the composition involved my character facing the audience frozen in a spotlight and a visible shadow of the four other characters in the background, to show individual stories and the universal message that applied to each character. t.How reh earsal and the production process contributed to the final performance. Vicki Marks During the rehearsal process, we encountered many difficulties with the staging of certain ideas and aspects. Initially we had decided to each perform a separate monologue as our office characters to highlight the objectives of each individual, we felt that it was important to portray to the audience an interesting insight into the characters feelings and wanted each monologue to project different forms. After the initial scripting of the monologues, we brainstormed the different approaches to staging them.Fortunately, each monologue adapted distinctive structures which allowed us to manipulate and create visually appealing scenes. During the staging of Payams monologue initially aimed to block the physical placement, this required him to be free to travel across the stage, and therefore, a remaining member of the group read his monologue whilst he attempted to block it. Surprisingly, this created a n interesting effect of revery therefore we decided to continue having his monologue projected from off stage. At one stage during our rehearsals we were challenged to find an original and inspiring way to present our idea.We had already decided that we wanted to contrast reality and fantasy. We had devised the fundamentals of office scenes created to depict our original character Dylans disconnection with a dystopian society. Because we had created a leading character we struggled to introduce equal roles. Therefore, we decided to create a structured brainstorm addressing our themes and the ideas we hoped to communicate. Through this we discovered a situation where Dylans disconnection with society linked to a modern day scenario.Dylans alienation towards an unfamiliar society was transformed into a group of office workers unsatisfied with their situations. Luckily, through former executed scenes we had created characters which fitted this scenario. Throughout the devising proces s we were interested in developing an interpretation of parallel universes. We were initially drawn to this idea through different interpretations of phobias and the way an individual interprets fears. This idea led one member of the group to compare parallel universes to dreams, and fantasies.As a group we decided that we were interested in highlighting the importance of following your dreams, therefore began to research different fantasies and dream scenarios. We began to discuss different genres and settled initially on medieval clichis drawing on the typical female fantasy of being rescued by a knight in shining armour. As a group we decided that our acting techniques should mirror this genre therefore we settled on melodrama. Previously, we had only attempted naturalistic acting techniques, and as a group we were aware of the contrast between naturalism and melodrama.In order to inform ourselves with this acting technique we attended a physical theatre workshop, it was apparen t to us that in order to effectively portray a melodramatic genre we would have to introduce exaggerated physicality. Initially this felt unnatural to most of the group members due to our back ground in naturalism, therefore, the support we received from the workshops group leader was very helpful. We benefited from the group leader knowledge surrounding physical theatre and he introduced us to a technique which allowed us to exaggerate the physicality during rehearsals.How the influence of ideas of other playwrights and/ or directors, designers and performers have been used. Originally, we hoped to achieve a depressing and desolate office scene highlighting the impassionate emotions of the characters. We initially decided that the characters would remain expressionless to express their negative attitudes towards their work environment however, we wanted to employ a more exciting abstract format to express this further. We therefore turned to Machinal by Sophie Treadwell which one of our group members had previously studied.The opening scene to Machinal is a powerful expression of a monotonous office scene. Treadwell uses an expressionist form employing repetitive dialogue and action and harsh audio effects to create a tedious and mechanical impression. Inspired by Treadwells use of ingeminate dialogue and action we began to improvise scenes using similar techniques. Firstly, we chose words and phrases linked to an office environment and repeated them, overlapping each other and increasing in volume throughout to create an intense atmosphere. Unfortunately, due to the small group, this did not achieve our desired effect.This then lead us towards a more physical representation, as an alternative to repeated dialogue we chose to highlight the routine of the office through repeating typical office actions. The use of stylised actions reminded a member of the group of a performance of absolute beginners through which the director had expressed the rigidity of th e office through women typing in unison creating a routine effect. Considering the size of the group we were not enthusiastic to have each character simultaneously performing one action, we therefore, took inspiration from the over exaggerated nature of each movement.Instead of using a routine we highlighted a sense of artificiality by introducing a metronome to emphasise the mechanical and artificial nature of the scene. Characterization was very important to the success of our performance. Because we had chosen to show many stark and stereotyped characters throughout it was important to exaggerate the physicality of the characters in certain places. Physicality was expressed most poignantly through the silent film fantasy. Because this was such a challenging format to express due to the lack of dialogue it relied fully on each actors physical representation of the character.divine guidance was originally taken from Charlie Chaplin. Through research we learnt that as a Silent film actor he emphasized his body language and facial expression so that the audience could better understand what his character was feeling and portraying on screen. However, simply watching and attempting to replicate Chaplins style was not enough. As a group we decided to participate in a Jet physical theatre company workshop. This not only allowed us to work on our physicality as performers in general but gave us excellent scope to improve our silent film scene. Costumes were not hugely significant in our performance.We did not want to over complicate things and circumstantially our performance consisted of many short scenes and an array of different characters, similar to the conventions of epic theatre employed notably by Bertolt Brecht we decided to do all of the costume changes on stage. These changes only consisted of small variations to costumes such a hats a jackets that symbolised each character Brecht employed the use of techniques that remind the attestor that the play is a representation of reality and not reality itself, which he called the Verfremdungseffekt. Such techniques included changing costumes on stage.Through this Brecht hoped to communicate that the audiences reality was, in fact a construction and, as such, was changeable. Another Brechtian technique used in our performance was the use of song. We decided that this allowed the audience to distance themselves from the action hopefully making the social comments throughout more accessible and setting the abstract theme from the beginning notably the entire performance was strictly episodic and many scenes were in isolation from each other. Each fantasy scene is triggered by an action and a simple freeze frame to link the office reality to the dreams.This use of gestus was also an acting technique developed by Bertolt Brecht which reflects the characters emotional conflict through a brief frozen action. Gestus was employed during the transaction from my characters monologue to her fantasy scene. As a group we discussed our desired effect of the gestus and decided to show an obvious link between the characters emotional conflict and the freeze frame, for the audiences accessibility. We therefore decided to each come up with a simple freeze frame highlighting the principal emotions the character.The initial idea to dress each character in their own variation of full black was inspired by a performance of attempts on her life at the national. The director Martin Crimp chose to dress each character in their own interpretation of completely black. We adapted this idea to our performance because it allowed each character to show their own individuality whilst still highlighting the monotony and dull nature of the office and their negative emotions towards their situations. We took a large amount of inspiration from the melodramatic acting techniques employed by soup operas.We particularly focused on the style of acting used in traditional Novellas or Latin American soups. Whilst approaching this style we researched the soup opera eld of our lives. To help us adopt similar personas. How the stimulus material was developed through the drama process. To begin the devising process our group was presented with five quotes that took inspiration from different aspects of life, this supplied us with an excellent starting point for developing a challenging piece of theatre, however our initial responses to the stimuli shaped our early work and many aspects were later changed as the piece matured.Firstly each member of the group decided separately which quote inspired them and worked towards abstractly analyse the meaning of these quotes. As a group we were drawn towards the quote fear is a dark room where negatives are developed. We felt that this quote gave us enough scope to produce a brainstorm surrounding the analysis of it. After analysing the quote through a brainstorm we decided to focus on the idea of fear. These fear aspects of the quote lead our group to research and gain an interest surrounding common phobias. As an initial response to phobia we decided to explore phobias that restrain and dominate everyday life.As a group we were interested in the psychological effects of irrational fears, through discussion, we realised one of our members arachnophobia and decided to research real life stories showing the influences of phobias. We began to gain an understanding of the psychological effects of living with an irrational fear, this allowed us to contemplate the way a person living with a phobia views the world. This inspired us to contemplate feelings and emotions surrounding living in a different mindset to the norm. We therefore decided to create five different freeze frames, abstractly exploring the physicality of emotions.

Barriers to entry into foreign markets

Any organization of relatively any size has some fundamental aims and objectives. maven of such primal aims is to grow this growth can be in terms of sales, profits, or anything else but the underlying value is to grow. In a given region or quite an in the realm of origin, a firm may grow up to a certain extent may be by reaching each and every corner of the state and having presence everywhere but this everywhere is limited or bounded by geographical boundaries so the growth, in essence, is restricted.Organizations grow big when they cross the borders, develop in a upstart market and capture mass customer base and then move on to early(a) target while view as in mind-frame the issue of customer retention. This phenomenon or type of growth is k directn as accounting entry into foreign markets. Generally, the regimen of any country pleasurables foreign firms attack in as they increase the investor confidence and show signs of growth however, only in a few scenarios, that can be counted as exceptions, the topical anesthetic competitors welcome foreign firms.There atomic number 18 several reasons to this fact, the prime reason being peoples attraction towards foreign products and function. To ensure their local market share retention, these local vendors bring to pass barriers to entry in the local markets, which are in essence foreign markets for the investor . This research paper presents an over view of the barriers that might be face up by an entrant into a foreign market. These barriers can be of any form and type. The major aim of this paper is to analyze these barriers and how they can be eliminated.What is a foreign market? The foreign exchange market pull throughs wherever one currency is administerd for an separate. It is by far the largest market in the world, in terms of notes value traded, and includes trading between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, multinational corporations, political sympathiess, and other financial markets and institutions . Foreign Market submission Global Assessment One must first identify what regions or countries of the world would be a potentiality market opportunity for your product or service.Also conduct an industry sector analysis that covers the market outlook for a particular industry . A Foreign Market Entry Plan Having opinionated the best multinational markets for your products, you now require to evaluate the most profitable way to get your products to potential customers in these markets. This can be achieved through a Foreign Market Entry Plan that will sponsor plan entry into a market and the Foreign Market Growth Plan that will keep you in the market. These plans typically include realization of marketing and sales objectives Target market descriptive Expected sales Profit expectations Market penetration and coverage Marketing activities Identification of target market Alternative Methods of Entry (based on Country Assessment) Deve lopment or redesign of tactical marketing plan Product adaptation, or modification Promotion strategy Distribution strategy Price strategy (includes terms of sale and methods of payment) A proposed budget and implementation schedule Resource requirements (finance, personnel and capacity) execution of instrument and control plans Key contacts from the coupled States Foreign Commercial Services The Foreign Market Growth Plan It is completed near the end of your first category of entry into the country market. One must identify and prepare for Trade Events. Trade shows, international demoraliseer programs, match manufacturer trade delegations programs or a catalog exhibition program can lead to tremendous international opportunities . Methods of foreign market entry Methods of foreign market entry include exporting, licensing, articulate hypothesis and off-shore production.The method you choose will depend on a variety of factors including the nature of your particular pro duct or service and the conditions for market penetration which exist in the foreign target market . Exporting can be accomplished by selling your product or service directly to a foreign firm, or indirectly, through the use of an export intermediary, such as a commissioned agent, an export management or trading company. International joint ventures can be a very effective means of market entry. Joint ventures overseas are often accomplished by licensing or off-shore production.Licensing involves a contractual agreement whereby you assign the rights to distribute or manufacture your product or service to a foreign company. Off-shore production requires either setting up your own facility or sub-contracting the manufacturing of your product to an assembly operator. Barriers to entry into foreign markets The main trade barriers to any foreign market include Psychological barriers in foreign exchange markets Traders adjust their anchors in two ways. Some believe that exchange rates mov e toward (perceived) fundamentals, while others bet on a continuance of the current exchange rate trend.The behavior of the traders causes complex dynamics. Since the exchange rate tends to circle around its perceived fundamental value, the foreign exchange market is persistently misaligned. Central authorities hand the opportunity to reduce such distortions by pushing the exchange rate to less biased anchors, but to achieve this they project to break psychological barriers between anchors. High import tariffs inclusive of restrictions related to national security Tariffs are taxes that raise the price of a good when it is brought into another country.Tariffs and import quotas form the toughest barriers. Seventy percent of respondents say tariffs on goods and services are the most effective form of protectionism, followed closely by import quotas (68%). only this is by no means the whole story 45% say that artificially undervalued exchange rates do much to boost the competitiven ess of local firms, while 59% cite subsidized competitors as a major barrier. Many too noted the challenges of informal protectionism, such as local firms convincing government officials to block the approval of licenses.Quota systems in japan The tariff quota system charges a lower duty rate (primary duty rate) on imports of specific goods up to a certain quantity, but a higher duty rate (secondary duty rate) on quantities exceeding that volume. This system protects domestic producers of similar goods but also benefits consumers with the lowest tariff rates possible. The tariff quota volume for each apportioning can be applied in one of two ways victimizeonise to the order in which the request was received, or according to prior allocations.Japan utilizes the prior allocation method. The tariff quota system does not restrict direct imports, since imports can be made without a tariff quota certificate, depictd high duty is paid. Regarding footwear, quota allocations to individ uals or companies are based on historical trade performance in the importation of footwear. Japan has allocated quota not to quota traders but to footwear importers, so business can take place as per footwear importers requirements. At the same prison term, new importers can produce special quota for new importers.The Government of Japan implements this system in accordance with governmental regulation. Therefore, Japan believes that new importers have opportunities to obtain quotas under the current quota allocation system. Unfavorable foreign rules & regulations Voluntary export restraints limit the quantity of a good brought into a country, but they are initiated by the country producing the good, not the country receiving the good. Federal, state, and local governments sometimes restrict entry into markets by requiring firms to have licenses.The Federal Communications Commission, for example, grants licenses to radio and television stations there simply arent enough frequencie s for an unlimited summate of firms to broadcast in any area. For safety reasons, all nuclear power plants are licensed as well. Governments also bar entry by giving firms exclusive rights to a market. The U. S. Postal Service, for example, has an exclusive right to deliver first class mail. Firms are sometimes given exclusive rights to do things analogous operate gas stations along toll roads, produce electricity, or collect garbage in a city.Exclusive rights are granted if a government believes that there is room for only one firm in a market. Until the 1980s, the federal government also restricted entry into the airline, trucking, banking, and telecommunications industries. Many of the laws that restricted entry into these industries were put into place in the 1930s, when many people believed that large firms needed to be protected from cutthroat competitors. Many economists now believe that these laws did more than harm than good. In 1938, for example, the Civil Aeronautics Board, or CAB, was established to regulate the airline industry for interstate flights.For the forty years that it existed, it didnt allow a single new firm to enter the market, although it received over 150 industrys for routes. In 1978, despite protests from the airlines, professorship Carter ordered the deregulation of the industry and the phasing out of the CAB. Within five years, 14 new firms entered the industry. Many experts believe that airline fares after deregulation were well below what they would have been had regulation continued. For instance, take China as an example. Chinas government has set policies that are posing great challenges for foreign investors.Chinas regulatory framework for cross-border remains a complex and incomplete patchwork of laws, regulations and insurance decisions made by various ministries and government agencies. A lack of transparency, coupled with low standards of corporate transparency and disclosure, makes it difficult for potential in vestors to carry out out-of-pocket diligence to accepted international standards. Valuing the potential liabilities of a firm is especially difficult. At the same time, the Chinese government continues to close off so-called strategic assets to cross-border without specifying which sectors are defined as strategic, or why.To address these issues and remove other obstacles to cross-border deals, it is recommended for China to Streamline the approval process for cross-border and make it more transparent put together in place a sound competition framework Further open its capital markets to foreign investors Encourage its firms to increase corporate transparency and provide more up to date and accurate financial in brass to make it easier to value a potential acquisition, especially regarding a firms liabilities unbend foreign ownership restrictions.In particular, revise existing catalogues that list the type of firms that can or cannot be acquired by foreign investors. The com prehend also recommends that China buffer these recommendations in the North-East of the country before rolling them out nationwide. This region, Chinas historical industrial heartland, has a high concentration of state-owned firms in need of restructuring and technological upgrading, as well as high unemployment and low productivity. Cross-border could help rejuvenate the regions economy. Free Trade PolicyPolicy in which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports. A free-trade policy does not necessarily imply that the government abandons all control and taxation of imports and exports, but rather that it refrains from actions specifically designed to hinder international trade, such as tariff barriers, currency restrictions, and import quotas. The theoretical case for free trade is based on Adam Smiths argument that the division of labor among countries leads to specialization, greater efficiency, and higher aggregate production.The way to foster such a division of labor, Smith believed, is to allow nations to make and sell whatever products can compete successfully in an international market. Arbitrary tariff classifications Regional wise review Africa The eight sub-Saharan African countries under review are undertaking economic and political reforms to promote economic growth and to facilitate their integration into global markets. Most of the countries have interpreted steps to improve their investment climate and are actively seeking foreign investment. Tariffs have been reduced, but remain high in certain sectors and countries. early(a) issues hampering U.S. exporters in sub-Saharan Africa include ineffectual enforcement of intellectual shoes rights, onerous customs delays, and corruption. Canada The unite States trades more with Canada than with any other country, but a number of issues threaten this partnership. The 1996 U. S. -Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement, which covers $7 billion in trade, was created to mit igate the effects of Canadian provinces timber sales practices and to provide time for reform. that the United States has seen little change in these practices and continues to be concerned with the lack of market principles in Canadian forest management systems.The Canadian Wheat Board has been reorganized but continues to enjoy government-sanctioned monopoly status, as well as other privileges that restrict competition. In October 2000, USTR initiated a 12-month investigation of the wheat boards practices in response to an industry petition. Canada commit to bring its dairy export subsidy regime into compliance with its WTO obligations by January 31, 2001 Instead, it instituted programs that essentially replicate the old regime. The United States has requested WTO authorization to suspend trade concessions if a WTO appeals panel determines that Canada has not complied.China The United States and China continued multilateral negotiations on Chinas accession to the WTO throughout 2000. In preparation for accession, the Chinese government launched a campaign to align domestic laws and regulations with WTO rules. But a number of problems continue to plague the bilateral trade relationship. Import standards and requirements are being used to create import barriers for products that will benefit from tariff cuts following accession to the WTO. Imports of products ranging from cosmetics to medical equipment are required to undergo duplicative and expensive quality and safety inspection procedures.Imports of rural products such as grain, poultry and citrus have been arbitrarily blocked. Transparency continues to be an issue for both foreign and domestic firms. Inconsistent notification and application of existing laws and regulations create problems for businesses. China has made improvements in its intellectual property rights protection regime, but a high level of product counterfeiting and copyright piracy continues. atomic number 63an man and wife Several E uropean Union policies continue to create significant barriers to U. S. economic interests.These include the bananas regime, bans on U. S. beef from livestock treated with hormones and on U. S. bio-engineered products, member state government financial hurt to the aircraft industry, and widely differing EU standards, testing, and certification procedures. Many U. S. trade concerns stem from the lack of transparency in the reading of EU regulations. The United States views transparency and public participation as essential to promote more effective trans-Atlantic regulatory cooperation, to achieve better quality regulation, and to help minimize possible trade disputes.India Access to the Indian market has improved with the removal in the last year of longstanding quantitative restrictions on a wide variety of products. However, India continues to travel to material barriers to U. S. exports, including high tariffs and related taxes, and a variety of non-tariff measures affecting most trade, including an onerous import licensing regime. Inadequate intellectual property protection and enforcement remains a longstanding concern. Indias policy linking auto imports to investment, local content and trade balancing is the subject of a WTO dispute.India has recently introduced new labeling and other standards-related requirements that could impede U. S. exports to India. Japan Japan is the United States third largest trading partner, accounting for well over $250 billion in two-way trade in goods and services. But a sputtering Japanese economy, persistent market access barriers, structural rigidity and excessive regulation limit opportunities for U. S. companies trading with, and operating in Japan. The United States is encouraged that Prime Minister Mori agreed with PresidentBush in their Joint Statement on March 19, 2001, about the importance of promoting deregulation, restructuring and foreign direct investment. Much of this years report focuses on board achie ved under the U. S. -Japan Enhanced Initiative on Deregulation and Competition Policy. The report highlights the U. S. submission to Japan under the Enhanced Initiative in October 2000. The initiative calls on Japan to adopt additional regulatory reforms in key sectors and structural areas of the Japanese economy. This years report includes new sections on information applied science and proposed revisions to Japans Commercial Code.The report underscores USTRs deep concern with barriers in Japans $130 billion telecommunications sector. Competition in this sector has been stifled due to the absence of an independent regulator weak dominant carrier regulation high interconnection rates for both wired and wireless services and inadequate access to rights-of-way, facilities and other services to competitors. We are concerned about the increase in barriers to Japans agricultural market, including the level of access for U. S. rice. Japan also needs to comply with a WTO ruling in favor o f the United States on varietals testing.Korea Korea is one of the United States major trading partners, and President Kim Dae Jung has made some progress toward a more open, market-oriented economic policy. However, Korea continues to impose significant barriers to U. S. imports. Koreas high tariffs and related taxes, and anti-import biases, combine to restrict seriously access for U. S. exports. Koreas auto market remains virtually closed to U. S. companies. Korea also imposes high duties and maintains other barriers on many agricultural and fishery products.The United States has expressed its concern to the Korean Government about the negative implications of recent government-directed lending on the countrys restructuring efforts, and the potential inconsistency of this action with its WTO commitments. Inadequate protection of intellectual property rights continues to be a serious problem in Korea. USTR has long-standing concerns about the Korean Governments involvement in, and support for the Korean blade industry. Mexico Mexico is the United States second largest bilateral trading partner, and has been the fastest growing major U.S. export market over the last seven years. USTR welcomes Mexicos progress in promoting competition in its $12 billion telecommunications market. However, Mexico has not addressed certain outstanding issues subject to its WTO commitments. It has failed to ensure competition in its market for international services. Unfavorable quotas and embargos Quotas place limits on how much of a good can be brought into a country. Observers in Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa have frequently inveighed against U. S. trade sanctions policies aimed at punishing regimes in Cuba, Iran and Libya.They argue that sanctions and embargos have not brought the desired results, and that the Cuban, Iranian and Libyan people, rather than governments are the ones who suffer. Pundits overseas strongly support European Union retaliatory efforts designed to combat the Helms-Burton Act which allows U. S. citizens to sue foreign companies using property in Cuba confiscated from them after Fidel Castro seized power in 1959. The EU efforts includes request for the formation of a WTO dispute panel. Complaints that the Helms-Burton Act conflicts with rules for international trade, is extra-territorial in dimension, approaching trade terrorism.Analysts hold the strong objection against actions taken by Americas allies over the sanctions issue reveals the extent of European frustration with the U. S. over trade issues and signals. Europes new-found resolve to challenge the worlds leading economic power. Berlins left-of-center Die Tageszeitung, for example, held, For more than 50 years, the U. S. has determined the rules of the global economy according to its taste. Only in recent times have the view grown in the EU that a common Europe is strong enough to have a say on an equal basis. Criticism of the U. S. strategy, however, did not inspi re observers in the press to offer other alternatives on how to promote the U. S. -stated goal of encouraging greater respect for human rights and democracy, and discouraging state-sponsored terrorism in suspect nations. This may be a good time to reinforce the idea that trade barriers are designed to protect some industries but, in fact they may hurt other industries or even consumers. Economists have found that sanctions dont often reach their political objectives and they come with high costs.A good example is the steel tariff imposed by the Bush administration, on foreign-made steel. President Bush imposed the tariffs, ranging from 8 percent to 30 percent, on some kinds of foreign steel in March 2002, in order to help the U. S. steel industry compete with foreign steel producers. Many U. S. manufacturing companies that use steel, including manufacturers of auto parts and appliances, say that the steel tariffs have raised costs for manufacturers and caused thousands of manufactur ing losses. Also, people who buy cars or appliances may have to pay higher prices because of the steel tariffs.The U. S. International Trade Commission recently concluded that the tariffs have caused a $30 jillion net loss to the U. S. economy. In addition, the European Union is considering retaliatory tariffs against the U. S. High costs of customs administration Customs procedures for imports are time-consuming. Generally, over 10 steps are required for a typical import clearance transaction. Besides, the trade facilitation institutions are not in one place, which makes the clearance more complicated. The Kenya Customs requires more than 20 copies of bills of documents to be passed from one officer to another.The documents are not only processed slowly, but also sometimes subject to repeated examination. Similar procedures are also applied on paying of tax refunds and obtaining tax waivers and rebates on imports used for manufacture. To inspect imports, the Kenyan Customs opens a lmost every container, the practice of which not only delays the goods from passing the Customs, but also increases the likelihood of breakage. Customs valuation Though Kenya has implemented the Agreement on Customs Valuation since 2001, customs officials invariably uplift the declared valuation of goods instead of using the c.i. f. value provided or the suppliers invoice, which usually results in a completely higher tax liability. Information on custom valuation methods and tariffs are not disclosed. Additionally, importers are hard to question the tax liability, because the clearance process will be delayed when a dispute of valuation occurs and the high demurrage costs arising there from exert a heavy burden on the importer. Pre-shipment inspection As from June 30, 2005, pre-inspection certification is required for goods to be import into Kenya.All goods must demonstrate compliance with Kenya Standards or approved equivalents by evidence of a Test Report or Certificate from an I SO/IEC17025 accredited laboratory or recognized by the ILAC (International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation) or the IFIA (International Federation of Inspection Agencies). Goods imported without the above mentioned certificates or reports would be held at the port of entry at the importers put down until their quality is determined. The new regulation has significantly affected the export of Chinese products to Kenya in the following two aspects.First, the quality certification has led to a substantial increase in the export cost. According to this regulation, all products to be exported to Kenya must obtain test reports or certificates from approved organizations. However, the Kenyan Market requires a undersize quantity of a great variety of goods and products. If every product needs a test report, then the cost will be greatly increased. Second, the Kenya pectus of Standards has assigned the certification of Chinese products to Intertek Testing Services, a company that mono polizes product testing and is known for its low efficiency.

Hamlet and Play

settlement Essay The act of r neverthelessge never fails to accomplish Shakespeares coating of keeping the au bl obliteratence in their seats. crossroads, William Shakespeares most well written play carries the theme of revenge or redemption through expose the play. Redemption is define to be as the desire to undo an injury or a wrongdoing. Many characters felt that they needed to redeem themselves however in doing so, they ended up facing death. For some characters, revenge had sprouted from their urges to redeem themselves. Revenge is defined as the desire to repay an individual for their injury or wrongdoing.A famous American novelist, John Irving has custodytioned in work The World According to Garp, that it is a lifespan-redeeming work in which ein truthbody dies. juncture, Shakespeares most unique play follows in-line with Irvings idea which is seen through the actions of Hamlet, Laertes and Gertrude. Hamlet, the protagonist of the play was greatly affected by the death of his yield, world-beater Hamlet who he sought for revenge throughout the play. During the beginning of the play, Hamlet was very distressed at the fact that his father had died. He was very troubled at the fact that his mother Gertrude had remarried Claudius so quickly.Hamlet felt that his mother had betrayed and abandoned his father for another man. After Hamlets altercation with the King Hamlets ghost, Hamlet raged in anger against Claudius for killing his father. Hamlet felt that he needed to redeem his father so he sought his path of revenge by planning on killing Claudius. Hamlet also tested to redeem himself with Ophelia. Hamlet has acted very rudely and crazy in front of Ophelia where he said, Or, if thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool, for wise men know well enough what monsters you make of them (3. 1. 139-141). However, by the time Ophelia died, Hamlet poured his heart out saying that Swounds, show me what thoult do. salutet weep? Woot fight? Woot fast? Woot tear thyse lf? Woot drink up eisel, eat a crocodile? Ill do t. Dost thou seminal fluid here to whine, To outface me with leaping in her grave? Be buried quick with her? and so will I. (5. 1. 252-258) Hamlet realizes how frequently he actu bothy loved Ophelia and he shows that he will be willing to do anything to redeem himself for the way he acted towards Ophelia before. During the scene at the churchyard, Laertes and Hamlet get into an altercation in Ophelias grave however, Hamlet later feels very sorry for his actions towards Laertes (5. . 80). By the end of the play, Hamlet gives a formal confession to Laertes, which he accepts. This signifies that as the play progress and as Hamlet makes mistakes, he attempts redeem himself in the way he was acting crazy. Hamlet wanted to come back to his usual self but at the same time he still wanted seek his revenge against his father. By the end of the play, Claudius does die and Hamlet fulfills his goal of seeking redemption just before his death. Laertes is an explosive and hotheaded character who got angry when he found out from Claudius that it was Hamlet who killed his father, Polonius.Claudius plans out a devious plan for Laertes to kill Hamlet during fencing. Claudius shows his true character when he encourages Laertes to choose a sharp sword and to requite Hamlet for his father (4. 7. 136). However, by the end of the play Laertes realizes that by going against Hamlet, he is doing a wrong thing. Even after betraying Hamlet, Laertes redeems himself by exposing that the king is at fault for events that took place. He finally asks for Hamlets forgiveness, which Hamlet accepts.This signifies that even though he fulfilled Claudius wishes of killing and betraying his friend Hamlet he still redeemed himself by telling Hamlet the truth about Claudius. By the end of the play, Laertes faced death while he was seeking redemption. As per Hamlet, Gertrude was seen as a mother who had betrayed her previous husband, King Hamlet by ma rrying Claudius a few months after King Hamlets death. Gertrude did not take Hamlets feeling into consideration after remarrying with Claudius showing that Instead, she forces Hamlet to accept Claudius as his father, which shows that she only thinks about herself she is selfish.Gertrude wasnt hesitant in telling Claudius that it was Hamlet who killed Polonius. She was willing to betray her own password by further convincing Claudius that Hamlet was mad. By doing so, Claudius began planning on sending Hamlet away, which Gertrude agreed to (4. 3. 8). However, it seems that by the end of the play Gertrude has a acknowledgement this entire time it was Claudius who was really against her and not Hamlet. She dies by crying out Oh, my dear Hamlet (5. 2. 305). It seems that Hamlet forgives her because instead of ignoring her death he was furious and he wanted to know he had killed her.Gertrude redeems herself by the end of the play but unfortunately she was killed by the end of the play. Fortinbras, the son of Old Fortinbras had a goal of attaining all the lands that was lost against King Hamlet. He aims to redeem the death of his father and Norways honour by taking over Denmark. Even though Fortinbras was seeking redemption, he did not face the same consequences of death like many characters within Hamlet. Instead, by the end of the play Fortinbras embraces his fortune by taking over Denmark even though may not have wished to take over Denmark in the way he did and that is with sadness over the many deaths.Fortinbras is a character whose life was surrounded by redemption did not end with death. William Shakespeares best play, Hamlet has one of the most disastrous tragedies in all of English literature. passim the play, a common theme of redemption ran through the play. Characters sought vengeance and redemption for their wrongdoings whereas many of them faced the consequences of death doing so. John Irvings comment that it is in life-redeeming work that everybody dies in does hold true with Hamlet to an extent. Works Cited Hamlet. Enotes. com. Enotes. com, n. d. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. .

Organization behavior Essay

ascription theory an key tool for correspondence and managing goal oriented government behaviors. Attribution theory is known as the effective way which helps us to assume that peoples behaviour is caused by sexual or external situational factors. This leaven is going to discuss round the key elements of ascription theory and the relationship amid them. In addition, the way of attribution theory cognitive operation manoeuvers in organizations be also mentioned. Also it considered how attribution theory implements in organizations as an effective tool which can help leaders to attribute employees behaviours and workplace outcomes.This show reviewed some famous articles in attribution theory and psychology fields and abstracted relative points to discuss. Types of attributional explanations and the underlying dimensions of those attributions affected individuals emotions, expectations and behaviours. (Jianjun & Shenghua, 2009)The reason that internal and external attribu tion can be useful tools in management practice is that they can help managers understand causes of employee behaviours and can assist employees in understanding their hark backing about their own behaviours. If you can understand why you be arouse a certain way, and why others around you do so, then you have a better understanding of yourself, others, and your organization.The perception of the causes of certain behaviour may affect the judgment and actions of both managers and employees. The locus of causality can be internal or external, which stands for the recognition of internal or external attribution. Also as Kelly (1967) concluded as the covariation specimen, which describes the three type of information that we can use to make attribution decisions are consensus, rarity and consistency. In determining whether behaviour is based on internal or external factors, you look at the level of consistency, distinctiveness and consensus of the behaviour.For instance, internal att ributions are make with suffering consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency while external factors when all three are high. Leaders can use covariation model to make attributions of employees performances. However, this model also has one important limitation, which is that it cannot to distinguish unintentional and intentional behaviour. (Ben, Olufemi, Olukunle &Patrick, 2012) As attribution theory is applied in different organizations and may be an important factor which can affect managers decision, theinnate bias of people in the way they make attributions should be paid much attention.The basic one which is called fundamental frequency bias describes the tendency to make internal attributions over external attributions. It evinces more on socialization such as culture or social settings. As concluded by Zuckerman (1979), there are two main attribution biases. The self- serving bias is the tendency of individuals to regard their successes as the result of their own exertion or ability and blasted failure on external factors. Thus, the situation could be that managers may diabolical employees for their failure. On the contrary, employees may attribute failures to external factors.The actor- perceiver bias stands for the tendency of observers to attribute the behaviours and outcomes of actors to their internal factors while actors attribute their outcomes to the external environment. For instance, managers may blame the failure on employees whereas employees are biased toward attributing their failures to external factors including their supervisors. afterward comparing these two biases, it is obviously that self- serving bias happens when both actors and observers focus on the outcomes while the actor- observer bias is based on the situation that actors emphasize on external factors but observers focus attention on actors. In organizations, performances are evaluated by managers.Those two biases can effect managers and employees evaluations of employee performance as thoroughly as the quality of their relationship. (Mark, 2007) In terms of leadership, if leaders dont aware that they have attribution bias, some problems will appear in communication and team work. Employees make attributions based on their perception of the causes attributable to leaders behaviours. (Phil, Charlotte, Julie&James, 2009) after employees perceived their leader are not satisfied with their performance, they tend to step loss of self- esteem.Reflecting into behaviours, it is possible that employees job satisfaction and turnover decrease. After that, it is more difficult for leaders to motivate employees to increase productivity or improve their performance. other thing which is worth mentioned is attribution tendencys. Attribution styles are tendencies to make particular types of attribution over time and across different situations. Martinko (2002) indicated that there are 16 possible intrapersonal styles.Basically, there are two most well-known attribution styles which are affirmative attribution style and pessimistic attribution style. To some extent, cheerful attribution stylecan correspond to self-serving bias. However, pessimistic styles are characterized by external and unstable attributions for success and internal and stable attributions for failure. (Martinko, Douglas& Borkowski, 2007) In an organization, optimistic leaders believe that the employees will perform well in the future but the pessimistic leaders have the opposed ideas.Also optimistic employees think they will have a good performance while pessimistic ones have the opposed ideas. These phenomenons imply one possibility that there may be clashes between the attribution style of leaders and employees. Just as the study did by Martinko, Douglas & Borkowski (2007) demonstrated that optimistic leaders are less likely to blame their members for poor performance and make opportunities for their members to succeed in the future than are pessimistic leaders, which may lead to lower quality relationships between employees and pessimistic leaders.As relationship becoming less harmonious, the goal- achieve thinking will be inconsistent. In addition, Harvey, Harris and Martinko (2008) got a result through studying and hypothesising which presented attribution styles have importantly effect on turnover intentions. There is a positive relationship between hostile attribution styles and turnover intentions. (Harvey, Harris &Martinko, 2008)The situation could be someone with a pessimistic attribution style and low self-efficacy can be helped by being given tasks that allow them to succeed early on and build their trustfulness as they progress to more complex tasks. In dealing with someone with an optimistic attribution style, managers can help the employee gauge whether or not they are capable of a certain type of project by having them shadow someone doing that job or linking them with a mentor higher up in the organization. Recogni zing and dealing with someone with a hostile attribution style might be difficult since this style can look alike to the optimistic style.However, this style in particular, will benefit from open communication that leads to correct attributions for outcomes. This is one type of employee that managers do not want to leave guessing about a poor performance appraisal, demotion, layoff, or other negative outcomes. Also in terms of job satisfaction, it indicated a negative relationship between hostile attribution style and job satisfaction, but suggested that satisfaction fully, as opposed to partially mediated the attribution styleintent to turnover relationship. (Harvey, Harries& Martinko, 2009)Inview of leaders, the attribution style of leaders is probable sign of their expectation of employees performances, which influence how they treat and evaluate employees. Attribution theory implementation in different fields leadingAttribution theory plays a significant role in field of leader ship. It is the tool that how leader attribute employees performance. There are many different situations. For example, when a leader is facing the negative outcome, he is more likely to have internal attribution of it. (Korsgaard, Brodt & Whitener, 2002) If the employee attributes the leaders behavior internally, he will blame it on leaders so that he will have a doubt with leaders ability.Also it is possible to appear conflict between leaders and employees. In order to improve the accuracy of leaders attribution, leaders can try to do the work that employees do and may have the similar feeling with them, which is a way to gain psychological closeness. And it is better to assign tasks and duty clearly to avoid unnecessary error in working. Motivation fit to Harvey and Martinko (2009), we can promote and maintain employees penury through five means such as screening resilience, immunization and multiple raters for performance. However, in general situation, attributional education al activity and increasing psychological closeness are most common and effective way. Attributional training helps employees accurate their attribution style and may correct their attribution biases as well as having a better understanding with internal and external factors.In other word, attributional training is a good way to make employees have a full scale recognition of workplace outcomes through effective communication between managers and employees. In term s of increasing psychological closeness, the stovepipe way is to pick experienced managers to manage employees and handle the positive or negative outcomes so that they can provide more attributional feedback to employees. Performance reviews and group workKelleys (1973) covariation model which contains consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness can be used by managers to evaluate and review employeesperformance. Consistency is proposed to lead to attributions regarding the stability of the outcome. For example, when an employee fails a task, if the manager is with low consensus, he will think that only this employee fail, then it is impeded correct evaluation. Also, when managers face dividing work in a group, the locus of covariation is needed to attribute and thought the different characteristic of employees behaviors.Recruitment and selectionWhen managers start recruitment and selection, they have to ensure that they have appropriate attribution style and try to minimize the attribution bias. For example, the interviewers will tend to believe that candidates who appear anxious in the interview are actually behaving anxious because they are lack of anti-pressure ability, rather than because they are in a stressful environment. Then wrong decision and selection will be made because of the attribution bias.In conclusion, it is obvious that attribution theory process is related to internal and external factors through the discussion of relationship of essential portions of attribution theory proc ess. Besides, attribution bias and styles cannot be ignored in organization behavior and activities because they will have a big effect on different fields such as leader- member relationship or motivation towards employees. As the importance of attribution theory and the functions been argued, it can be summarized that organizations should take advantage of attribution theory to manage employees and improve organization performance.Reference magnetic dipBen E. 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